This study explores the Roman hydraulic system connected to the Las Médulas gold mining complex in Northwest Iberia. It includes detailed mapping and assessment of the extensive hydraulic network, which spans over 1,110 km, utilizing advanced geomatic techniques and an innovative canal tracing script developed in Matlab.

The research uncovers previously unidentified canals, enhances existing cartographic representations, and clarifies uncertainties regarding water sourcing and canal distribution. A total of 41 canals have been identified, distributed between the La Cabrera and El Bierzo regions (33 and 8, respectively), with 14 canals specifically supplying water to Las Médulas.

The findings indicate that this canal system served broader purposes beyond merely supporting mining operations at Las Médulas. Additionally, the results challenge established assumptions about the system’s water sources and provide new insights into the construction of this remarkable canal system. This work not only offers a comprehensive map of the Las Médulas hydraulic system but also serves as a model for effectively studying similar ancient hydraulic systems globally.