Neuroscience, neurology, and psychiatry are rapidly evolving fields that aim to understand the complex mechanisms underlying brain function and dysfunction, as well as to develop effective interventions for various neurological and psychiatric disorders ^[1][2][3]. Recent advances in molecular biology, genetics, epigenetics, pharmacology, and neuroimaging have provided new insights into the etiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and treatment of these disorders ^{[4][5][6][7][8]}. However, there are still many challenges and gaps in translating basic research findings into clinical applications and improving the quality of life of patients and their families ^[9][10][11]. One pivotal area of interest within these disciplines is neuroplasticity, the brain’s remarkable ability to reorganize and adapt throughout life ^{[12][13][14][15][16]}. Neuroplasticity encompasses various mechanisms, including synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, and alterations in neuronal connectivity, which underpin crucial processes such as learning, memory, and recovery from injury or disease ^{[17][18][19][20]}. In tandem with understanding neuroplasticity, non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) have emerged as promising therapeutic modalities ^[21][22][23]. These techniques can modulate neuroplasticity by inducing changes in cortical excitability and connectivity, offering potential avenues for ameliorating symptoms associated with conditions such as depression, schizophrenia (SCZ), and chronic pain ^[24][25][26]. Research indicates that NIBS holds promise for enhancing cognitive function, alleviating mood disturbances, and reducing pain perception by targeting specific brain regions implicated in these processes ^[27][28][29]. Moreover, combining NIBS with cognitive training, psychotherapy, or pharmacotherapy may enhance treatment outcomes synergistically ^{[30][31][32][33]}. Researchers aimed to showcase the latest developments and innovations in bench-to-bedside translational research, as well as highlight the opportunities and limitations of various models and methods ^[34][35][36]. Researchers also aimed to foster interdisciplinary collaboration and communication among researchers and clinicians working in different fields and domains. The Special Issue received 12 high-quality submissions from authors across the world, covering a wide range of topics and disorders, such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease (PD), Huntington’s disease, SCZ, bipolar disorder, depression, anxiety, autism, addiction, and pain. The research presented novel findings and perspectives on the molecular and cellular mechanisms, genetic and epigenetic factors, environmental influences, pharmacological interventions, and biomarkers of these disorders, complementing previous research ^[37][38][39]. The research also discussed the challenges and future directions of translational research in neuroscience, neurology, and psychiatry. Below, authors briefly summarize the main contributions and implications of each research.