The oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has gained significant attention in recent years. ORR is the electrochemical process by which molecular oxygen is reduced, typically forming water in acidic environment or hydroxide ions in alkaline environments. This reaction assumes a significant role in energy conversion devices, including fuel cells, metal–air batteries and electrolyzers. As the global push for sustainable and renewable energy solutions increases, the efficient and cost-effective conversion and storage of energy has become a fundamental topic for scientific researches.