Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus

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This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/permanent-neonatal-diabetes-mellitus

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus is a type of diabetes that first appears within the first 6 months of life and persists throughout the lifespan.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

This form of diabetes is characterized by high blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia) resulting from a shortage of the hormone insulin. Insulin controls how much glucose (a type of sugar) is passed from the blood into cells for conversion to energy.

Individuals with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus experience slow growth before birth (intrauterine growth retardation). Affected infants have hyperglycemia and an excessive loss of fluids (dehydration) and are unable to gain weight and grow at the expected rate (failure to thrive).

In some cases, people with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus also have certain neurological problems, including developmental delay and recurrent seizures (epilepsy). This combination of developmental delay, epilepsy, and neonatal diabetes is called DEND syndrome. Intermediate DEND syndrome is a similar combination but with milder developmental delay and without epilepsy.

A small number of individuals with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus have an underdeveloped pancreas. Because the pancreas produces digestive enzymes as well as secreting insulin and other hormones, affected individuals experience digestive problems such as fatty stools and an inability to absorb fat-soluble vitamins.

2. Frequency

About 1 in 400,000 infants are diagnosed with diabetes mellitus in the first few months of life. However, in about half of these babies the condition is transient and goes away on its own by age 18 months. The remainder are considered to have permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus.

3. Causes

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus may be caused by mutations in several genes.

About 30 percent of individuals with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus have mutations in the KCNJ11 gene. An additional 20 percent of people with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus have mutations in the ABCC8 gene. These genes provide instructions for making parts (subunits) of the ATP-sensitive potassium (K-ATP) channel. Each K-ATP channel consists of eight subunits, four produced from the KCNJ11 gene and four from the ABCC8 gene.

K-ATP channels are found across cell membranes in the insulin-secreting beta cells of the pancreas. These channels open and close in response to the amount of glucose in the bloodstream. Closure of the channels in response to increased glucose triggers the release of insulin out of beta cells and into the bloodstream, which helps control blood sugar levels.

Mutations in the KCNJ11 or ABCC8 gene that cause permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus result in K-ATP channels that do not close, leading to reduced insulin secretion from beta cells and impaired blood sugar control.

Mutations in the INS gene, which provides instructions for making insulin, have been identified in about 20 percent of individuals with permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus. Insulin is produced in a precursor form called proinsulin, which consists of a single chain of protein building blocks (amino acids). The proinsulin chain is cut (cleaved) to form individual pieces called the A and B chains, which are joined together by connections called disulfide bonds to form insulin. Mutations in the INS gene are believed to disrupt the cleavage of the proinsulin chain or the binding of the A and B chains to form insulin, leading to impaired blood sugar control.

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus can also be caused by mutations in other genes, some of which have not been identified.

4. Inheritance

Permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus can have different inheritance patterns.

When this condition is caused by mutations in the KCNJ11 or INS gene it is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder. In about 90 percent of these cases, the condition results from new mutations in the gene and occurs in people with no history of the disorder in their family. In the remaining cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent.

When permanent neonatal diabetes mellitus is caused by mutations in the ABCC8 gene, it may be inherited in either an autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive pattern. In autosomal recessive inheritance, both copies of the gene in each cell have mutations. The parents of an individual with an autosomal recessive condition each carry one copy of the mutated gene, but they typically do not show signs and symptoms of the condition.

Less commonly the condition is caused by mutations in other genes, and in these cases it is also inherited in an autosomal recessive pattern.

5. Other Names for This Condition

PNDM

References

Barbarini DS, Haslinger V, Schmidt K, Patch AM, Müller G, Simma B. Neonataldiabetes mellitus due to pancreas agenesis: a new case report and review of theliterature. Pediatr Diabetes. 2009 Nov;10(7):487-91. doi:10.1111/j.1399-5448.2009.00523.x.
Edghill EL, Flanagan SE, Ellard S. Permanent neonatal diabetes due toactivating mutations in ABCC8 and KCNJ11. Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2010Sep;11(3):193-8. doi: 10.1007/s11154-010-9149-x. Review.
Edghill EL, Flanagan SE, Patch AM, Boustred C, Parrish A, Shields B, Shepherd MH, Hussain K, Kapoor RR, Malecki M, MacDonald MJ, Støy J, Steiner DF, Philipson LH, Bell GI; Neonatal Diabetes International Collaborative Group, Hattersley AT, Ellard S. Insulin mutation screening in 1,044 patients with diabetes: mutationsin the INS gene are a common cause of neonatal diabetes but a rare cause ofdiabetes diagnosed in childhood or adulthood. Diabetes. 2008 Apr;57(4):1034-42.
Ellard S, Flanagan SE, Girard CA, Patch AM, Harries LW, Parrish A, Edghill EL,Mackay DJ, Proks P, Shimomura K, Haberland H, Carson DJ, Shield JP, HattersleyAT, Ashcroft FM. Permanent neonatal diabetes caused by dominant, recessive, orcompound heterozygous SUR1 mutations with opposite functional effects. Am J HumGenet. 2007 Aug;81(2):375-82.
Flanagan SE, Clauin S, Bellanné-Chantelot C, de Lonlay P, Harries LW, GloynAL, Ellard S. Update of mutations in the genes encoding the pancreatic beta-cell K(ATP) channel subunits Kir6.2 (KCNJ11) and sulfonylurea receptor 1 (ABCC8) indiabetes mellitus and hyperinsulinism. Hum Mutat. 2009 Feb;30(2):170-80. doi:10.1002/humu.20838. Review.
Flanagan SE, Edghill EL, Gloyn AL, Ellard S, Hattersley AT. Mutations inKCNJ11, which encodes Kir6.2, are a common cause of diabetes diagnosed in thefirst 6 months of life, with the phenotype determined by genotype. Diabetologia. 2006 Jun;49(6):1190-7.
Malecki MT, Mlynarski W. Monogenic diabetes: implications for therapy of rare types of disease. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2008 Aug;10(8):607-16.Review.
Osbak KK, Colclough K, Saint-Martin C, Beer NL, Bellanné-Chantelot C, EllardS, Gloyn AL. Update on mutations in glucokinase (GCK), which cause maturity-onsetdiabetes of the young, permanent neonatal diabetes, and hyperinsulinemichypoglycemia. Hum Mutat. 2009 Nov;30(11):1512-26. doi: 10.1002/humu.21110.Review.
Polak M, Cavé H. Neonatal diabetes mellitus: a disease linked to multiplemechanisms. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2007 Mar 9;2:12. Review.
Rubio-Cabezas O, Klupa T, Malecki MT; CEED3 Consortium. Permanent neonataldiabetes mellitus--the importance of diabetes differential diagnosis in neonates and infants. Eur J Clin Invest. 2011 Mar;41(3):323-33. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2362.2010.02409.x.
Støy J, Steiner DF, Park SY, Ye H, Philipson LH, Bell GI. Clinical andmolecular genetics of neonatal diabetes due to mutations in the insulin gene. RevEndocr Metab Disord. 2010 Sep;11(3):205-15. doi: 10.1007/s11154-010-9151-3.Review. Erratum in: Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2012 Mar;13(1):79-81.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Rita Xu

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 24 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The Genes Associated with Permanent Neonatal Diabetes Mellitus

3.1.1. Additional Information from NCBI Gene

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References