KBG Syndrome

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1		Camila Xu	+ 618 word(s)	618	2020-12-15 07:28:38

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/kbg-syndrome

KBG syndrome is a rare disorder that affects several body systems. "KBG" represents the surname initials of the first families diagnosed with the disorder.

genetic conditions

1. Introduction

Common signs and symptoms in individuals with this condition include unusual facial features, skeletal abnormalities, and intellectual disability.

A characteristic feature of KBG syndrome is unusually large upper front teeth (macrodontia). Other distinctive facial features include a wide, short skull (brachycephaly), a triangular face shape, widely spaced eyes (hypertelorism), wide eyebrows that may grow together in the middle (synophrys), a prominent nasal bridge, a long space between the nose and upper lip (long philtrum), and a thin upper lip.

A common skeletal abnormality in people with KBG syndrome is slowed mineralization of bones (delayed bone age); for example, an affected 3-year-old child may have bones more typical of a child of 2. In addition, affected individuals can have abnormalities of the bones of the spine (vertebrae) and ribs. They can also have abnormalities of the bones of the hands or feet, including unusually short or curved fifth (pinky) fingers (brachydactyly or clinodactyly, respectively) and flat feet (pes planus). Most affected individuals are shorter than average from birth.

Development of mental and movement abilities is also delayed in KBG syndrome. Most affected individuals learn to speak and walk later than normal and have mild to moderate intellectual disability. Most people with this condition have behavioral or emotional problems, such as hyperactivity; anxiety; or autism spectrum disorder, which is characterized by impaired communication and social interactions.

Less common features of KBG syndrome include hearing loss, seizures, and heart defects.

2. Frequency

KBG syndrome is a rare disorder that has been reported in more than 150 individuals in the medical literature, though there are likely more who have not been recorded in the literature. For unknown reasons, males are affected more often than females. Doctors think the disorder is underdiagnosed because the signs and symptoms can be mild and may be attributed to other disorders.

3. Causes

KBG syndrome is caused by mutations in the ANKRD11 gene. The protein produced from this gene enables other proteins to interact with each other and helps control gene activity. The ANKRD11 protein is found in nerve cells (neurons) in the brain. It plays a role in the proper development of the brain and may be involved in the ability of neurons to change and adapt over time (plasticity), which is important for learning and memory. ANKRD11 may function in other cells in the body and appears to be involved in normal bone development.

Most of the ANKRD11 gene mutations involved in KBG syndrome lead to an abnormally short ANKRD11 protein, which likely has little or no function. Reduction of this protein's function is thought to underlie the signs and symptoms of the condition. Because ANKRD11 is thought to play an important role in neurons and brain development, researchers speculate that a partial loss of its function may lead to developmental delay and intellectual disability in KBG syndrome. However, the mechanism is not fully known. It is also unclear how loss of ANKRD11 function leads to the skeletal features of the condition.

4. Inheritance

This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.

In some cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. Other cases result from new mutations in the gene and occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.

5. Other Names for This Condition

macrodontia, mental retardation, characteristic facies, short stature, and skeletal anomalies
short stature, characteristic facies, macrodontia, mental retardation, and skeletal anomalies
short stature-characteristic facies-mental retardation-macrodontia-skeletal anomalies syndrome

References

Gallagher D, Voronova A, Zander MA, Cancino GI, Bramall A, Krause MP, Abad C, Tekin M, Neilsen PM, Callen DF, Scherer SW, Keller GM, Kaplan DR, Walz K, Miller FD. Ankrd11 is a chromatin regulator involved in autism that is essential forneural development. Dev Cell. 2015 Jan 12;32(1):31-42. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2014.11.031.
Kim HJ, Cho E, Park JB, Im WY, Kim HJ. A Korean family with KBG syndromeidentified by ANKRD11 mutation, and phenotypic comparison of ANKRD11 mutation and16q24.3 microdeletion. Eur J Med Genet. 2015 Feb;58(2):86-94. doi:10.1016/j.ejmg.2014.11.003.
Kleyner R, Malcolmson J, Tegay D, Ward K, Maughan A, Maughan G, Nelson L, WangK, Robison R, Lyon GJ. KBG syndrome involving a single-nucleotide duplication in ANKRD11. Cold Spring Harb Mol Case Stud. 2016 Nov;2(6):a001131.
Lo-Castro A, Brancati F, Digilio MC, Garaci FG, Bollero P, Alfieri P, CuratoloP. Neurobehavioral phenotype observed in KBG syndrome caused by ANKRD11mutations. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet. 2013 Jan;162B(1):17-23. doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32113.
Morel Swols D, Foster J 2nd, Tekin M. KBG syndrome. Orphanet J Rare Dis. 2017 Dec 19;12(1):183. doi: 10.1186/s13023-017-0736-8. Review.
Ockeloen CW, Willemsen MH, de Munnik S, van Bon BW, de Leeuw N, Verrips A,Kant SG, Jones EA, Brunner HG, van Loon RL, Smeets EE, van Haelst MM, van HaaftenG, Nordgren A, Malmgren H, Grigelioniene G, Vermeer S, Louro P, Ramos L, Maal TJ,van Heumen CC, Yntema HG, Carels CE, Kleefstra T. Further delineation of the KBG syndrome phenotype caused by ANKRD11 aberrations. Eur J Hum Genet. 2015Sep;23(9):1176-85. doi: 10.1038/ejhg.2014.253.J Hum Genet. 2015 Sep;23(9):1270.
Sirmaci A, Spiliopoulos M, Brancati F, Powell E, Duman D, Abrams A, Bademci G,Agolini E, Guo S, Konuk B, Kavaz A, Blanton S, Digilio MC, Dallapiccola B, Young J, Zuchner S, Tekin M. Mutations in ANKRD11 cause KBG syndrome, characterized by intellectual disability, skeletal malformations, and macrodontia. Am J Hum Genet.2011 Aug 12;89(2):289-94. doi: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2011.06.007.
Walz K, Cohen D, Neilsen PM, Foster J 2nd, Brancati F, Demir K, Fisher R,Moffat M, Verbeek NE, Bjørgo K, Lo Castro A, Curatolo P, Novelli G, Abad C, LeiC, Zhang L, Diaz-Horta O, Young JI, Callen DF, Tekin M. Characterization ofANKRD11 mutations in humans and mice related to KBG syndrome. Hum Genet. 2015Feb;134(2):181-90. doi: 10.1007/s00439-014-1509-2.

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Subjects: Genetics & Heredity

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Camila Xu

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Entry Collection: MedlinePlus

Update Date: 23 Dec 2020

Table of Contents

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References

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1. Introduction

2. Frequency

3. Causes

3.1. The gene associated with KBG syndrome

4. Inheritance

5. Other Names for This Condition

References