Summary

Environmental science emerged from the fields of natural history and medicine during the Enlightenment. Today, it provides an integrated, quantitative, and interdisciplinary approach to the study of environmental systems. Environmental studies are incorporating more of the social sciences in order to understand human relationships, perceptions and policies towards the environment. This entry collection features information about design and technology for improving environmental quality in every aspect.

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Topic Review
System of Indirect Taxation of Exports in Russia
Researchers supplement the theoretical and methodological foundations of the transformation of the system of indirect taxation of exports in the Russian Federation based on the analysis of legal precedents.
  • 1.3K
  • 14 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Carbon in Agricultural Soil
Carbon in agricultural soils is chemically classified as either soil organic carbon (SOC) or soil inorganic carbon (SIC). Globally, the naturally occurring SOC and SIC pools are estimated to be 1500 Gt C and 950 Gt C, respectively. The SOC includes humus, decomposed plant and animal residues, charcoal and microorganisms. The SIC pool includes primary and secondary carbonates, such as calcite (CaCO3) and dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2), and can be classified into lithogenic and pedogenic carbonates. Lithogenic carbonates are the primary carbonates that refer to the detrital particle derived from the carbonate bedrock (especially limestone) that are formed in marine environments. Pedogenic carbonates refer to the secondary carbonates formed in the soil and is further classified as calcitic pedogenic carbonates (formed by calcite remobilization) and silicatic pedogenic carbonates (formed by silicate weathering). Calcitic pedogenic carbonates are derived from pre-existing carbonates; hence, it does not result in net carbon sequestration. On the other hand, carbonation of alkaline earth elements derived from silicate minerals results in net positive sequestration through the formation of silicatic pedogenic carbonates.
  • 1.1K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Cryptomeria japonica
Cryptomeria japonica, a commercially important tree throughout Asia and the Azores Archipelago (Portugal), is currently waste/by-products of wood processing that can be converted into eco-friendly and high added-value products, such as essential oils (EOs), with social, environmental and economic impacts.
  • 2.6K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Essential Oils Effect on Cucumber Powdery Mildew
Essential oils of lemongrass, lemon, thyme, peppermint, abundance blend, purification blend, and thieves blend were tested in vitro and under greenhouse conditions in two separate experiments. The effects of essential oils were tested against powdery mildew disease at concentrations of 1.0–2.5 mL/L, and the consequent impact of the oils on plant growth was evaluated. Powdery mildew fungus, Podosphaera xanthii, was identified using sequencing of the ITS region. The essential oils significantly reduced disease incidence up to 77.3% compared with the positive control (p < 0.5). 
  • 1.9K
  • 07 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Environmental DNA Based Methods (Sensu Stricto)
Worldwide biodiversity loss points to a necessity of upgrading to a fast and effective monitoring method that can provide quick conservation action. Newly developed environmental DNA (eDNA) based method found to be more cost-effective, non-invasive, quick, and accurate than traditional monitoring (spot identification, camera trapping). 
  • 1.1K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
ESG in the Banking Sector
Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) is currently one of the main focus areas for policy makers worldwide.
  • 3.2K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Reutilization in China
Electrical and electronic equipment, the owner of the product no longer uses and has discarded or abandoned (including all parts/components, elements/devices and materials, etc.), as well as those substandard products, scrap products and expired products generated during the production, transportation and sales processes by “Technical Specifications for Pollution Control in the Treatment of Waste Electrical and Electronic Products (HJ527-2010)”.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Demolition Waste Management
Demolition waste generation has grown throughout the years with the urbanization process. The environmental impacts of demolition waste generation and related waste treatment have attracted global attention from the government, industry, and academia. With advancements in building information modelling and life cycle assessment methods, it provides possible solutions to managing demolition waste in a more systematic way.
  • 1.2K
  • 06 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Geosynthetics in Sustainable Engineering Solutions
Geosynthetics have proven to provide sustainable solutions for geotechnical and geoenvironmental problems when used with natural materials.
  • 2.1K
  • 03 Dec 2021
Topic Review
Paper-Based Analytical Devices for Colorimetric
The so-called paper-based analytical devices (PADs) have arisen as an efficient, affordable, user-friendly, rapid, and equipment-free technology that is available to citizens. The development of PADs in areas such as clinical diagnostics, food safety and environmental monitoring, etc., as well as fabrication methods, target analytes and analytical performance, has been extensively reviewed during the last decade, with the scientific community showing great interest toward these appealing analytical approaches.
  • 1.6K
  • 06 Dec 2021
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