Summary

Neurodegeneration refers to the progressive loss of neuron structure or function, which may eventually lead to cell death. Many neurodegenerative diseases, such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease and prion disease, are the results of neurodegenerative processes. Neurodegeneration can be found in many different levels of neuronal circuits in the brain, from molecules to systems. Since there is no known method to reverse the progressive degeneration of neurons, these diseases are considered incurable. Biomedical research has revealed many similarities between these diseases at the subcellular level, including atypical protein assembly (such as protein diseases) and induction of cell death. These similarities indicate that progress in the treatment of one neurodegenerative disease may also improve other diseases. This collection of entries aims to collect various medical research results related to neurodegeneration. We invite researchers to share their new results and ideas related to neurodegeneration.

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Entries
Topic Review
Ceramide/Sphingosine 1-Phosphate Axis
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered the most prevalent neurodegenerative disease and the leading cause of dementia worldwide. Sphingolipids, such as ceramide or sphingosine 1-phosphate, are bioactive molecules implicated in structural and signaling functions. Metabolic dysfunction in the highly conserved pathways to produce sphingolipids may lead to or be a consequence of an underlying disease.
  • 494
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Machine Learning and Eye Movements
Humans are a vision-dominated species; what we perceive depends on where we look. Therefore, eye movements (EMs) are essential to our interactions with the environment, and experimental findings show EMs are affected in neurodegenerative disorders (ND). This could be a reason for some cognitive and movement disorders in ND. Therefore, several research aim to establish whether changes in EM-evoked responses can tell us about the progression of ND, such as Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s diseases (PD), in different stages.
  • 361
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Impact of C99 on Alzheimer’s Disease
Amyloid beta (Aβ) is produced from a type-I transmembrane protein, amyloid beta precursor protein (APP). One of the APP metabolites, the 99-amino acids C-terminal fragment (C99, also called βCTF), is a direct precursor of Aβ and accumulates in the Alzheimer’s disease (AD) patient’s brain to demonstrate toxicity independent of Aβ. Conventional drug discovery strategies have focused on Aβ toxicity on the “outside” of the neuron, but C99 accumulation might explain the toxicity on the “inside” of the neuron, which was overlooked in the hypothesis. Furthermore, the common region of C99 and Aβ is a promising target for multifunctional AD drugs.
  • 364
  • 21 Feb 2023
Topic Review
PPARs and Their Neuroprotective Effects in Parkinson’s Disease
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) belong to subgroup 1 of the nuclear receptor superfamily. They are known to form heterodimers with the retinoid X receptors (RXRs) when activated by endogenous or exogenous ligands and to bind to a co-activator such as PGC-1α.
  • 322
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Network Biology Approaches in Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a polygenic multifactorial neurodegenerative disease that is without a cure. There are some symptomatic treatments to manage the psychological symptoms but none of these drugs can halt disease progression. Additionally, many anti-AD drugs failed in late stages of clinical trials and many hypotheses surfaced to explain these failures, including the lack of clear understanding of disease pathways and processes. Different epigenetic factors have been implicated in AD pathogenesis; thus, they could serve as promising AD diagnostic biomarkers. Additionally, network biology approaches have been suggested as effective tools to study AD on the systems level and discover multi-target-directed ligands as novel treatments for AD.
  • 649
  • 22 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Neurodegenerative diseases are highly prevalent but poorly understood, and with few treatment options despite decades of intense research, attention has recently shifted toward other mediators of neurological disease that may present future targets for therapeutic research. One such mediator is the gut microbiome, which communicates with the brain through the gut–brain axis and has been implicated in various neurological disorders. Alterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with numerous neurological and other diseases, and restoration of the dysbiotic gut has been shown to improve disease conditions. One method of restoring a dysbiotic gut is via fecal microbiota transplantation (FMT), recolonizing the “diseased” gut with normal microbiome. Fecal microbiota transplantation is a treatment method traditionally used for Clostridium difficile infections, but it has recently been used in neurodegenerative disease research as a potential treatment method. 
  • 442
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
The Vascular-Immune Hypothesis of Alzheimer’s Disease
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a devastating and irreversible neurodegenerative disorder with unknown etiology. While its cause is unclear, a number of theories have been proposed to explain the pathogenesis of AD. In large part, these have centered around potential causes for intracerebral accumulation of beta-amyloid (βA) and tau aggregates. Yet, persons with AD dementia often exhibit autopsy evidence of mixed brain pathologies including a myriad of vascular changes, vascular brain injuries, complex brain inflammation, and mixed protein inclusions in addition to hallmark neuropathologic lesions of AD, namely insoluble βA plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). Epidemiological data demonstrate that overlapping lesions diminish the βA plaque and NFT threshold necessary to precipitate clinical dementia. Moreover, a subset of persons who exhibit AD pathology remain resilient to disease while other persons with clinically-defined AD dementia do not exhibit AD-defining neuropathologic lesions. It is increasingly recognized that AD is a pathologically heterogeneous and biologically multifactorial disease with uncharacterized biologic phenomena involved in its genesis and progression. 
  • 498
  • 15 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Extracellular Vesicles in Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis is a progressive neurodegenerative disease and is the most common adult motor neuron disease. The disease pathogenesis is complex with the perturbation of multiple pathways proposed, including mitochondrial dysfunction, RNA processing, glutamate excitotoxicity, endoplasmic reticulum stress, protein homeostasis and endosomal transport/extracellular vesicle (EV) secretion. EVs are nanoscopic membrane-bound particles that are released from cells, involved in the intercellular communication of proteins, lipids and genetic material, and there is increasing evidence of their role in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). 
  • 396
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Electrochemical Aptasensors for Detection of Neurodegenerative Diseases Biomarkers
Neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) are becoming a major global health problem. They constitute an incurable diverse group of disorders characterized by the progressive degeneration of the structure and function of the central or peripheral nervous system. There is an enormous unmet demand worldwide for methods for the early detection of ND biomarkers. Among the various approaches reported so far, biosensors are powerful analytical implements that have been applied to detect biomarkers of NDs. Electrochemical aptasensors have been at the forefront of this development not only thanks to their low cost and simple design but also due to advances in nanomaterials modifying the surface of the transducers involved.
  • 438
  • 13 Feb 2023
Topic Review
Types of Stem Cell for Alzheimer’s Disease Therapy
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has been a major causal factor for mortality among elders around the world. Stem cell therapy, compared to drug therapies and many other therapeutic options, has many advantages and is very promising in the future. Currently (up till 2023), there are four major types of stem cells used in AD therapy: neural stem cells, mesenchymal stem cells, embryonic stem cells, and induced pluripotent stem cells. Of course, there are many other types of stem cells at the stage of experimentation for potential usage in treating AD, but most research centered on the four major types of stem cells that are discussed in detail below.
  • 472
  • 09 Feb 2023
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