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Biography
Gary Westfall
Gary D. Westfall (born June 10, 1950) is an American experimental nuclear and high energy physicist and University Distinguished Professor at Michigan State University. He is also an author of the introductory calculus-based physics textbook University Physics, published by McGraw-Hill in 2010. Gary D. Westfall started his career at the Center for Nuclear Studies at the University of Texas at
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  • 16 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Clava (Hydrozoa)
Clava is a monotypic genus of hydrozoans in the family Hydractiniidae. It contains only one accepted species, Clava multicornis. Other names synonymous with Clava multicornis include Clava cornea, Clava diffusa, Clava leptostyla, Clava nodosa, Clava parasitica, Clava squamata, Coryne squamata, Hydra multicornis, and Hydra squamata. The larvae form of the species has a well developed nervous system compared to its small size. The adult form is also advanced due to its ability to stay dormant during unfavorable periods.
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  • 28 Nov 2022
Biography
Macquorn Rankine
William John Macquorn Rankine FRSE FRS (/ˈræŋkɪn/; 5 July 1820 – 24 December 1872) was a Scottish mechanical engineer who also contributed to civil engineering, physics and mathematics. He was a founding contributor, with Rudolf Clausius and William Thomson (Lord Kelvin), to the science of thermodynamics, particularly focusing on the first of the three thermodynamic laws. He developed the
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  • 14 Nov 2022
Biography
Louis Bernacchi
Louis Charles Bernacchi CMG OBE (8 November 1876 – 24 April 1942) was an Australian physicist and astronomer best known for his role in several Antarctic expeditions. Bernacchi was born in Belgium on 8 November 1876 to Italian parents.[1] His father, Diego Bernacchi, established a vineyard on Maria Island in 1884. He was educated in Hobart, Tasmania, at the Hutchins School.[2] He entered t
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  • 20 Dec 2022
Biography
Ed Lu
Edward Tsang "Ed" Lu (simplified Chinese: 卢杰; traditional Chinese: 盧傑; pinyin: Lú Jié; born July 1, 1963) is an American physicist and former NASA astronaut. He flew on two Space Shuttle flights, and made an extended stay aboard the International Space Station.[1] In 2007, Lu retired from NASA to become the program manager of Google's Advanced Projects Team.[2][3] In 2002, while still
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  • 11 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Pneumococcal Infection
A pneumococcal infection is an infection caused by the bacterium Streptococcus pneumoniae, which is also called the pneumococcus. S. pneumoniae is a common member of the bacterial flora colonizing the nose and throat of 5–10% of healthy adults and 20–40% of healthy children. However, it is also a cause of significant disease, being a leading cause of pneumonia, bacterial meningitis, and sepsis. The World Health Organization estimates that in 2005 pneumococcal infections were responsible for the death of 1.6 million children worldwide.
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  • 28 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Stability Modelling of mRNA Vaccine Quality
The vaccine distribution chains in several low- and middle-income countries are not adequate to facilitate the rapid delivery of high volumes of thermosensitive COVID-19 mRNA vaccines at the required low and ultra-low temperatures. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are currently distributed along with temperature monitoring devices to track and identify deviations from predefined conditions throughout the distribution chain. These temperature readings can feed into computational models to quantify mRNA vaccine critical quality attributes (CQAs) and the remaining vaccine shelf life more accurately. Here, a kinetic modelling approach is proposed to quantify the stability-related CQAs and the remaining shelf life of mRNA vaccines. The CQA and shelf-life values can be computed based on the conditions under which the vaccines have been distributed from the manufacturing facilities via the distribution network to the vaccination centres.
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  • 28 Feb 2022
Topic Review
Spongy Degeneration of the Central Nervous System
Spongy degeneration of the central nervous system, also known as Canavan's disease, Van Bogaert-Bertrand type or Aspartoacylase (AspA) deficiency, is a rare autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder. It belongs to a group of genetic disorders known as leukodystrophies, where the growth and maintenance of myelin sheath in the central nervous system (CNS) are impaired. There are three types of spongy degeneration: infantile, congenital and juvenile, with juvenile being the most severe type. Common symptoms in infants include lack of motor skills, weak muscle tone, and macrocephaly. It may also be accompanied by difficulties in feeding and swallowing, seizures and sleep disturbances. Affected children typically die before the age of 10, but life expectancy can vary. The cause of spongy degeneration of the CNS is the mutation in a gene coding for aspartoacylase (AspA), an enzyme that hydrolyzes N-acetyl aspartic acid (NAA). In the absence of AspA, NAA accumulates and results in spongy degeneration. The exact pathophysiological causes of the disease are currently unclear, but there are developing theories. Spongy degeneration can be diagnosed with neuroimaging techniques and urine examination. There is no current treatment for spongy degeneration, but research utilising gene therapy to treat the disease is underway. Spongy degeneration is found to be more prevalent among Ashkenazi Jews, with an incidence of 1/6000 amongst this ethnic group.
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  • 20 Oct 2022
Biography
Benedict Friedlaender
Benedict Friedlaender (8 July 1866 – 21 June 1908; first name occasionally spelled Benedikt) was a Germany Jewish sexologist, sociologist, economist, volcanologist, and physicist. Friedlaender was born in Berlin as the son of Carl Friedlaender (1817–1876), a professor of economics. His grandfather was Nathan Friedlaender (died 1830), a Berlin physician and university lecturer. Among his sib
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  • 08 Dec 2022
Biography
Denis Le Bihan
Denis Le Bihan (born July 30, 1957) is a medical doctor, physicist, member of the Institut de France (French Academy of sciences),[1] member of the French Academy of Technologies and director since 2007 of NeuroSpin, an institution of the Atomic Energy and Alternative Energy Commission (CEA) in Saclay, dedicated to the study of the brain by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with a very high magne
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  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Haptic Memory
Haptic memory is the form of sensory memory specific to touch stimuli. Haptic memory is used regularly when assessing the necessary forces for gripping and interacting with familiar objects. It may also influence one's interactions with novel objects of an apparently similar size and density. Similar to visual iconic memory, traces of haptically acquired information are short lived and prone to decay after approximately two seconds. Haptic memory is best for stimuli applied to areas of the skin that are more sensitive to touch. Haptics involves at least two subsystems; cutaneous, or everything skin related, and kinesthetic, or joint angle and the relative location of body. Haptics generally involves active, manual examination and is quite capable of processing physical traits of objects and surfaces.
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  • 17 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Lung Cavity
A lung cavity or pulmonary cavity is an abnormal, thick-walled, air-filled space within the lung. Cavities in the lung can be caused by infections, cancer, autoimmune conditions, trauma, congenital defects, or pulmonary embolism. The most common cause of a single lung cavity is lung cancer. Bacterial, mycobacterial, and fungal infections are common causes of lung cavities. Globally, tuberculosis is likely the most common infectious cause of lung cavities. Less commonly, parasitic infections can cause cavities. Viral infections almost never cause cavities. The terms cavity and cyst are frequently used interchangeably; however, a cavity is thick walled (at least 5 mm), while a cyst is thin walled (4 mm or less). The distinction is important because cystic lesions are unlikely to be cancer, while cavitary lesions are often caused by cancer. Diagnosis of a lung cavity is made with a chest X-ray or CT scan of the chest, which helps to exclude mimics like lung cysts, emphysema, bullae, and cystic bronchiectasis. Once an imaging diagnosis has been made, a person’s symptoms can be used to further narrow the differential diagnosis. For example, recent onset of fever and productive cough suggest an infection, while a chronic cough, fatigue, and unintentional weight loss suggest cancer or tuberculosis. Symptoms of a lung cavity due to infection can include fever, chills, and cough. Knowing how long someone has had symptoms for or how long a cavity has been present on imaging can also help to narrow down the diagnosis. If symptoms or imaging findings have been present for less than three months, the cause is most likely an acute infection; if they have been present for more than three months, the cause is most likely a chronic infection, cancer, or an autoimmune disease. The presence of lung cavities is associated with worse outcomes in lung cancer and tuberculosis; however, if a lung cancer develops cavitation after chemotherapy and radiofrequency ablation, that indicates a good response to treatment.
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  • 06 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Dietary risk-benefit assessments
There is national and international growing concern on human health risk-benefit related to seafood exposure. The information derived from these studies is controversial, has brought about more questions than answers and the quest for irrefutable evidence is an on-going reality that can be perceived as a continuous process that demands a great deal of time, debate to select appropriate outcomes and most importantly solid experimental proof to reach a final agreement between the various bodies, a vital aspect for proposing rational approaches to risk-benefit assessment.
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  • 27 Oct 2020
Biography
J. Virginia Lincoln
Jeannette Virginia Lincoln (September 7, 1915 – August 1, 2003) was an American physicist.[1] The daughter of Rush B. Lincoln, a major general in the US Air Force, and Jeannette Bartholomew Lincoln, a chemistry professor, she was born in Ames, Iowa. She studied at Dana Hall in Wellesley, Massachusetts and went on to earn a bachelor's degree in physics from Wellesley College. Furthermore she re
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  • 12 Dec 2022
Biography
James Charles Phillips
James Charles Phillips (born March 9, 1933) is an United States physicist and a member of the National Academy of Science (1978). Phillips invented the exact theory of the ionicity of chemical bonding in semiconductors, as well as new theories of compacted networks (including glasses, high temperature superconductors, and proteins). Phillips was born in New Orleans and grew up in several West
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  • 08 Dec 2022
Biography
Carlos Osuna
Carlos Osuna (born November 22, 1970) is a Mexican computer programmer, software architect and entrepreneur best known as being one of the founders of Espacios Business Media during its inception days. He installed one of the first commercial Linux web hosting servers in Latin America, using Red Hat in 1997. He later left that company in 1998 to pursue other interests, joining Consiss,[1] an up
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  • 27 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Compression of Genomic Re-Sequencing Data
High-throughput sequencing technologies have led to a dramatic decline of genome sequencing costs and to an astonishingly rapid accumulation of genomic data. These technologies are enabling ambitious genome sequencing endeavours, such as the 1000 Genomes Project and 1001 (Arabidopsis thaliana) Genomes Project. The storage and transfer of the tremendous amount of genomic data have become a mainstream problem, motivating the development of high-performance compression tools designed specifically for genomic data. A recent surge of interest in the development of novel algorithms and tools for storing and managing genomic re-sequencing data emphasizes the growing demand for efficient methods for genomic data compression.
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  • 14 Oct 2022
Topic Review
Spontaneous Cerebrospinal Fluid Leak
A spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak (sCSF leak) is a cerebrospinal fluid leak – a leak of cerebrospinal fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord from the protective dural sac for no apparent reason. The dura mater is the tough, outermost of layer of the meninges, the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. A spontaneous CSF leak, arises idiopathically, and is opposed to traumatically caused CSF leaks. It is one of several types of cerebrospinal fluid leaks caused by one or more holes in the dura. A loss of CSF greater than its rate of production leads to a decreased volume inside the skull known as intracranial hypotension. Any CSF leak is most often characterized by orthostatic headaches, which worsen when standing, and improve when lying down. Other symptoms can include neck pain or stiffness, nausea, vomiting, dizziness, fatigue, and a metallic taste in the mouth. A CT scan can identify the site of a cerebrospinal fluid leakage. Once identified, the leak can often be repaired by an epidural blood patch, an injection of the patient's own blood at the site of the leak, a fibrin glue injection, or surgery. The set of symptoms associated with a sCSF leak is referred to as a spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid leak syndrome (SCSFLS). A sCSF leak is rare, affecting five out of every 100,000 people. On average, the condition develops at age 42, and women are twice as likely to be affected. Some people with a sCSF leak have a chronic leak of cerebrospinal fluid despite repeated patching attempts, leading to long-term disability due to pain. SCSFLS was first described by German neurologist Georg Schaltenbrand in 1938 and by American neurologist Henry Woltman of the Mayo Clinic in the 1950s.
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  • 22 Nov 2022
Biography
Karl U. Smith
Karl Ulrich Smith (born 1 May 1907 in Zanesville, Ohio, d. 22 June 1994 in Lake Wales, Florida) was an American physiologist, psychologist and behavioral cybernetician.[1] He dealt among others with the interaction between humans and technology and played a crucial role in the development of human factors which deals with the safe and humane or healthy design of products, work equipment and wor
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  • 15 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Proteomic Landscape of Ovarian Cancer
Ovarian cancer (OC) is often used as an umbrella term referring to malignancies caused by ovarian epithelial inclusion cysts that are trapped beneath the surface of the epithelium of the ovary as well as malignancies in the peritoneum and fallopian tube.
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  • 17 Jun 2021
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