Your browser does not fully support modern features. Please upgrade for a smoother experience.
Subject:
All Disciplines Arts & Humanities Biology & Life Sciences Business & Economics Chemistry & Materials Science Computer Science & Mathematics Engineering Environmental & Earth Sciences Medicine & Pharmacology Physical Sciences Public Health & Healthcare Social Sciences
Sort by:
Most Viewed Latest Alphabetical (A-Z) Alphabetical (Z-A)
Filter:
All Topic Review Biography Peer Reviewed Entry Video Entry
Topic Review
Transponder Timing
Transponder timing (also called chip timing or RFID timing) is a technique for measuring performance in sport events. A transponder working on a radio-frequency identification (RFID) basis is attached to the athlete and emits a unique code that is detected by radio receivers located at the strategic points in an event. Prior to the use of this technology, races were either timed by hand (with operators pressing a stopwatch) or using video camera systems.
  • 1.3K
  • 27 Sep 2022
Topic Review
Lithium as an Investment
In 2020, Lithium has been included in the list for Critical global elements critical metal, and will be one of the drivers of the fourth industrial revolution. Lithium company stocks on the worldwide exchanges have rallied from the end of 2020 and through 2021 with many Lithium Explorers/Developers/Producer miners' share prices' rising 1000% to 6000% within 12 months on the ASX: the Australian Securities Stock Exchange. Stocks are expected to continue to rally as a shortfall deficit of Lithium supply world-wide is expected from beginning of 2022. The Battery-grade Lithium deficit is expected to persist to an incredible 2030, as there are not enough mines coming online to supply the demand in EV Batteries & Energy Storage systems to 2030. This makes Lithium a highly lucrative commodity to invest into, the term entered a "Lithium commodities Super-cycle" has been used by industry commentators during 2021 to describe the event, also the term "A Once in a Century" event is occurring in 2021 and will persist till new Energy technologies come online to replace Lithium Batteries, this is not expected till after 2040 as there are no technologies that will be suitable for the diversity of applications for Lithium Energy storage systems. Lithium carbonate prices have made a resurgence from 2019-2020 all time lows, rising some 500% as of 21/11/2021 trading at US$29,000/tonne, Lithium Carbonate/Lithium Hydroxide is a Lithium chemical compound also known as LCE(Lithium Carbonate Equivalent) and is used as a Precursor in the manufacture of Cathode Cells for electric vehicle (EV) batteries. As a result and along with major Governmental new energy policies in 2020, in preparation to the fazing out of fossil fuels & reductions in carbon emissions vehicles & coal power, has kick-started a flurry of renewed investments & Joint Ventures/acquisitions between Miners & Strategic major investor companies throughout the world. Recently the world saw the COP26: Climate Change Summit for Action in Glasgow during November 2021. The agreements signed by all countries involved, has accelerated the action towards renewables adoption & the reforestation among other items & actions. Lithium will play a key & critical role towards the reduction of Carbon emissions, "1.5ToStayAlive" "1.5toSurvive" slogans for maintaining the critical 1.5 degrees & the storage of renewables clean green energy, harnessed from the sustainable wind, solar & hydropower, also tidal. Also big on the COP26 agenda was the fazing out of coal all-together. Lithium is an essential mineral that goes into the manufacture of electric batteries (Lithium-ion battery: portable electronics, EV and renewable ESS). Lithium supply is expected to fall short of the demand for this metal by 2022. Demand/supply discrepancy "the Great divide" ratio has been witnessed in July 2021 when the BMX Spot price Platform went live and the price for Lithium Spodumene Concentrate 6% (SC6) reached a record price of US$1,400/tonne, rising from its lowest of US$395/tonne in September 2020. Today SC6 price(21 November 2021) trades at US$2,550/tonne, Australia's Pilbara Minerals, the company that developed the BMX Spot Sales Platform are commended for this initiative with Ken Brinson, CEO, saying the price for Spodumene Concentrate 6% is now transparent to the market making it a fairer playing field for the Miners and the Chemical Converter Customers. Governments are adopting the New Energy Lithium Technology rapidly as the pressure to meet the Paris Agreement CO2 Carbon emissions reductions. Major Car Manufacturers are planning on a large line-up of new Electric Vehicles by 2025, in what's called the "EV Revolution". The growing adoption of electric vehicles (EVs) is driving the increasing demand for lithium, significant amounts of lithium supply will need to be brought online to meet this demand growth to 2030 and beyond. The situation is seen as critical as the world depends on Lithium. A new technology in the extraction of Lithium from Geothermal brine, the extraction method is called DLE-Direct Lithium Extraction and if/when the technology succeeds in "scale" it will be celebrated as it will help alleviate the pressure on the tight Lithium supply, the technology is not expected for another 4-5 yrs(2025/26) if not longer. See Start-ups Vulcan Energies(ASX:VUL) & Lilac Solutions(USA) for their efforts in DLE. Pond evaporation extraction Technology is considered old & expected to be obsolete as it conflicts with a world turning towards ESG(Environmental Social & Governance) compliance in mining/extractive practices. Products that reduce carbon emissions, including electric batteries, are globally expected to create a $23 Trillion market over the next decade to 2030. Lithium is considered a superior lightweight metal element for its electrochemical properties as a charge carrier in the electric battery, currently there is no known replacement element to achieve such effective performance for automotive battery applications. According to Volkswagen, in the near future lithium will be one of the most sought-after raw metals on earth. Forecasted EV battery demand growth is driving the need to significantly increase battery production globally. Major battery manufacturers have already committed $175Billion by the start of 2021. Even though a significant amount of capital has already been committed, further investment is expected, to satisfy the forecasted growing supply chain demand of batteries to 2030. There has been a trend already with lithium chemicals compounds producing companies, battery manufacturer companies and even major car manufacturers investing or partnering with raw material suppliers/miners. Large investments are flowing into the lithium supply chain from established majors. Companies with partnerships or joint ventures will be more resilient in the long run. Major car manufacturers' plans to spend over $300 billion are being invested and forecasted over the next 4 (2025) to 10 years (2030) during the adoption of electric vehicles (EV). Automakers’ plans to spend at least $300 billion on EVs are driven largely by environmental concerns and government policy for GHG reduction and supported by rapid technological advances that have improved battery cost, range and charging time. Since 2018, we have seen an accelerated rate of industry spending especially through 2020. Most importantly, with the global push for sustainable and low carbon footprint mining, processing and manufacturing, where will the lithium that is ESG sustainably sourced with a GHG low-carbon footprint come from. Necessary to feed the burgeoning energy storage needs for the growing transport and military sector; electronic consumer requirements; and in particular the domestic & commercial automotive supply chain where investment spending and forecasts are $US400 to $US500 billion . Both the drive to decarbonize and the 4IR depend on critical minerals like lithium. The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR or Industry 4.0) has been defined as technological developments in cyber-physical systems such as high capacity connectivity; new human-machine interaction modes such as touch interfaces and virtual reality systems; and improvements in transferring digital instructions to the physical world including robotics and 3D printing (additive manufacturing); the Internet of Things (IoT); “big data” and cloud computing; artificial intelligence-based systems; improvements to and the uptake of Off-Grid / Stand-Alone Renewable Energy Systems: solar, wind, wave, hydroelectric and the Lithium-ion electric batteries (for renewable ESS and EV). Speculation in lithium compounds used as feedstocks for major applications. The main intermediates are lithium hydroxide and lithium carbonate, and these are the commodities that the LME has chosen as the most appropriate to establish reference pricing. Speculators hope to make a viable play on a perceived growth in demand for lithium metal due to the widespread adoption of lithium batteries in emerging technologies. Lithium batteries have become a preferred power source for energy-hungry devices such as cell phones because they are more efficient and scalable than previous-generation nickel-metal hydride batteries thus they are in high demand in support of automobile and electronics manufacturing. Factors that could result in limitations affecting overall lithium supply are seen by some as prescient; with predicted supply chain volatility potentially overpowering other market factors and becoming the primary price driver, essentially resulting in a seller's market and thereby making the metal a profitable investment.
  • 1.3K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
New Pedestrianism
New Pedestrianism (NP) is a more pedestrian and ecology-oriented variation of New Urbanism in urban planning theory, founded in 1999 by Michael E. Arth, an American artist, urban/home/landscape designer, futurist, and author. NP addresses the problems associated with New Urbanism and is an attempt to solve various social, health, energy, economic, aesthetic, and environmental problems, with special focus on reducing the role of the automobile.A neighborhood or new town utilizing NP is called a Pedestrian Village. Pedestrian Villages can range from being nearly car-free to having automobile access behind nearly every house and business, but pedestrian lanes are always in front. To a large extent New Urbanism is a revival of traditional street patterns and urban design. New Pedestrianism also respects traditional town design, but seeks to further reduce the negative impact of the automobile, the use of which has increased dramatically since WWII. By eliminating the front street and replacing it with a tree-lined pedestrian lane, emphasis is placed on low-impact alternative travel such as walking and cycling. Pedestrian lanes are usually 12 to 15 feet (5 m) wide, with one smooth side for rolling conveyances such as bicycles, Segways, and skates and the other, narrower, textured side for pedestrians and wheelchairs. Eliminating the automobile street from the front allows for intimate scale plazas, fountains, pocket parks, as well as an unspoiled connection to natural features such as lakes, streams, and forests that may border or be included in a Pedestrian Village. A vast public realm is created that is free from the sight, smell, and sound of automobiles, yet automobiles are still served on a separate network. New Pedestrianism has been proposed for Kisima Kaya, a new town in Kenya, for Tiger Bay Village, FL as a solution to the homeless problem, and for new towns and neighborhoods that can be built anywhere whether as rehabilitation of existing neighborhoods, infill, edge-of-town neighborhoods, or new towns.
  • 1.3K
  • 15 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Surface Laptop 3
The Surface Laptop 3 is a laptop computer developed by Microsoft. It is the third generation of Surface Laptop and was unveiled alongside the Surface Pro 7 and Surface Pro X on an event on 2 October 2019. It succeeds the Surface Laptop 2 that was released in October 2018. Surface Laptop 3 keeps the same form and design, but with an addition of a USB C port, improved battery life, an AMD CPU for the 15 inch model, a first for a surface device. Microsoft opted for an aluminum finish as an option for some models alongside the traditional Alcantara fabric covering. The device runs Windows 10 Home. The devices' display are the same as the previous models. The 13.5 inch model comes with a 2256 x 1504 resolution and the 15 inch model comes with a 2496 x 1664 resolution. Both models have the same 3:2 aspect ratio and 201 ppi. The Surface Laptop 3 13.5 inch model starts at $1,000 and goes up to $2,400. The 15 inch model starts at $1,200 and goes up to $2,800.
  • 1.3K
  • 21 Oct 2022
Biography
Kevin Greenaugh
Kevin Greenaugh (born May 15, 1956) is an American nuclear engineer and senior manager at the National Nuclear Security Administration (NNSA) in Washington, DC, United States. Born in the United Kingdom as a U.S. military dependent, Greenaugh has been a part of the military and commercial energy industry for multiple decades. After attending school in Berlin, Germany at the height of the cold
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Biography
Linda Griffith
Linda G. Griffith (born August 30, 1960 Atlanta, Georgia) is an American biological engineer, and Professor of Biological Engineering and Mechanical Engineering at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where she also directs the Center for Gynepathology Research.[1] She is a 2006 recipient of a MacArthur Fellowship, commonly referred to as the "MacArthur genius award."[2] She was raised in D
  • 1.3K
  • 29 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Categories of Point Cloud Segmentation Methods
Laser point clouds have been widely used in many fields, such as autonomous driving, augmented reality and so on. Point cloud classification and segmentation are key to scene understanding. Therefore, many scholars have systematically studied point cloud classification and segmentation. Machine learning approaches are the most commonly used data analysis methods. In the field of point cloud data analysis, deep learning is used for point cloud classification and segmentation. To improve the accuracy of point cloud classification and segmentation, some researchers have drawn on image methods to handle point clouds. 
  • 1.3K
  • 16 Oct 2023
Topic Review
Bicycle Touring
Bicycle touring is the taking of self-contained cycling trips for pleasure, adventure or autonomy rather than sport, commuting or exercise. Touring can range from single-day trips, to multi-day trips, to years. Tours may be planned by the participant or organised by a holiday business, a club, or a charity as a fund-raising venture.
  • 1.3K
  • 01 Nov 2022
Topic Review
HP OmniGo 120 Organizer Plus
The HP 200LX Palmtop PC (F1060A, F1061A, F1216A), also known as project Felix, is a personal digital assistant introduced by Hewlett-Packard in August 1994. It was often called a Palmtop PC, and it was notable that it was, with some minor exceptions, a MS-DOS-compatible computer in a palmtop format, complete with a monochrome graphic display, QWERTY keyboard, serial port, and PCMCIA expansion slot.
  • 1.3K
  • 30 Oct 2022
Biography
Orlando Metcalfe Poe
Orlando Metcalfe Poe (March 7, 1832 – October 2, 1895) was a United States Army officer and engineer in the American Civil War. After helping General William Tecumseh Sherman's March to the Sea, he was responsible for much of the early lighthouse construction on the Great Lakes and design of the Poe Lock at Soo Locks between lakes Superior and Huron. Orlando Metcalfe Poe was born in Navarre
  • 1.2K
  • 02 Dec 2022
Topic Review
Factors of Polymer Weathering
The aging of natural and artificial polymeric materials is a natural phenomenon in metals, glass, minerals and other inorganic materials. The main environmental parameters influencing the degradation of polymeric materials is daylight combined with the effects of temperature, moisture and oxygen. These act as the main parameters of stress for outdoor weathering.
  • 1.2K
  • 27 Oct 2022
Topic Review
List of Gliders (D)
This is a list of gliders/sailplanes of the world, (this reference lists all gliders with references, where available) Note: Any aircraft can glide for a short time, but gliders are designed to glide for longer.
  • 1.2K
  • 04 Nov 2022
Topic Review
Sustainable Facilities Management in the Built Environment
The significance of facilities management practices in the built environment and the changing focus to include sustainability principles have been acknowledged. Facilities management balances three aspects, including human resources, people (employees and employers), human resources and sociological aspects, work activities and resources (productivity and costs), and work environment (architecture and engineering)
  • 1.2K
  • 23 Feb 2023
Topic Review
On Rarefied Plumes
Recent progress on rarefied jet,  jet impingement, and total impingement loads are summarized here.  Those investigations are performed by adopting the gaskinetic theory at the free molecular flow limit.  The results include exact analytical solutions to the properties of  flow field, surface load distributions, and overall surface loads.  The flowfield solutions  include density, velocity, temperature and pressure. The surface properties are based on the flowfield properties and they include  shear stress, pressure and heat flux.   The total surface loads include pressure, shear stress, torque, and various center-to-center distances.  Different from many past work, many physical and geometric factors are includes explicitly,  e.g., nozzle  exit properties (velocity speed ratio,  temperature, number density), surface reflection types,  and locations. Evaluations on these  analytical solutions are very fast via a computer,  neither numerical simulations nor experimental measurements are needed.  At far field, the nozzle exit degenerate as a point, and the  exact solutions are even simpler.  The expressions for the total loads at the free molecular flow limit  can be used as anchoring values to estimate the total loads within the whole Knudson number range, i.e., continuum, velocity-slip and temperature-jump, transitional, and free molecular flows.  
  • 1.2K
  • 29 Oct 2020
Topic Review
Fiber Optic Sensor
A fiber optic sensor is a sensor that uses optical fiber either as the sensing element ("intrinsic sensors"), or as a means of relaying signals from a remote sensor to the electronics that process the signals ("extrinsic sensors"). Fibers have many uses in remote sensing. Depending on the application, fiber may be used because of its small size, or because no electrical power is needed at the remote location, or because many sensors can be multiplexed along the length of a fiber by using light wavelength shift for each sensor, or by sensing the time delay as light passes along the fiber through each sensor. Time delay can be determined using a device such as an optical time-domain reflectometer and wavelength shift can be calculated using an instrument implementing optical frequency domain reflectometry. Fiber optic sensors are also immune to electromagnetic interference, and do not conduct electricity so they can be used in places where there is high voltage electricity or flammable material such as jet fuel. Fiber optic sensors can be designed to withstand high temperatures as well.
  • 1.2K
  • 17 Nov 2022
Biography
Wilhelm von Urach
Prince Wilhelm of Urach, Count of Württemberg (27 September 1897 – 8 August 1957) was a member of the Germany princely House of Württemberg and a senior automotive production engineer.[1] Most of his professional career was spent working for Daimler-Benz in Stuttgart-Untertürkheim. Between 1941 and 1944, he was sent to France , however, and given responsibility over the technical division
  • 1.2K
  • 26 Dec 2022
Biography
Wayne Smith
Richard Wayne Smith, known as Wayne Smith (born August 17, 1943),[1] commonly known as Wayne Smith, is a former seven-term Republican member of the Texas House of Representatives for District 128. He was first elected in November 2002 and served until January 2017.[2] On May 24, 2016, Smith was unseated by 23 votes in the Republican runoff election by Briscoe Cain, 3,050 (50.2%) to 3,027 (49.8%
  • 1.2K
  • 30 Dec 2022
Biography
Seymour Melman
Seymour Melman (December 30, 1917 – December 16, 2004) was an American professor emeritus of industrial engineering and operations research at Columbia University's Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science. He wrote extensively for fifty years on "economic conversion", the ordered transition from military to civilian production by military industries and facilities. Author of T
  • 1.2K
  • 20 Dec 2022
Topic Review
People’s Perception of Experimental Installations for Sustainable Energy
Nuclear facilities are a main milestone in the long way to sustainable energy. Beyond the well-known fission centrals, the necessity of cleaner, more efficient and almost unlimited energy reducing waste to almost zero is a major challenge in the next decades. This is the case with nuclear fusion. Different experimental installations to definitively control this nuclear power are proliferating in different countries. However, citizens in the surroundings of cities and villages where these installations are going to be settled are frequently reluctant because of doubts about the expected benefits and the potential hazards.
  • 1.2K
  • 24 Feb 2022
Biography
Alan Pritsker
A. Alan B. Pritsker (February 5, 1933—August 24, 2000) was an American engineer, pioneer in the field of Operations research, and one of the founders of the field of computer simulation. Over the course of a fifty-five-year career, he made numerous contributions to the field of simulation and to the larger fields of industrial engineering and operations research. Alan Pritsker was born in P
  • 1.2K
  • 15 Dec 2022
  • Page
  • of
  • 50
Featured Entry Collections
>>

Featured Reprints

>>
Encyclopedia of Digital Society, Industry 5.0 and Smart City
Encyclopedia of Engineering
Encyclopedia of Social Sciences
Encyclopedia of Medieval Royal Iconography
Academic Video Service
Feedback