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Topic Review
Protein-Bound Uremic Toxin in Chronic Kidney Disease
Uremic toxins (UTs), particularly protein-bound uremic toxins (PBUTs), accumulate in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients, causing significant health complications like uremic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, and immune dysfunction. Innovations such as online hemodiafiltration aim to enhance the removal process, while novel adsorptive therapies offer a means to address the high affinity of PBUTs to plasma proteins. 
  • 418
  • 15 Mar 2024
Topic Review
Cardiotonic Steroids and the Sodium Trade Balance
In 1972 Neal Bricker presented the “trade-off” hypothesis in which he detailed the role of physiological adaptation processes in mediating some of the pathophysiology associated with declines in renal function. In the late 1990’s Xie and Askari published seminal studies indicating that the Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) was not only an ion pump, but also a signal transducer that interacts with several signaling partners. Since this discovery, numerous studies from multiple laboratories have shown that the NKA is a central player in mediating some of these long-term “trade-offs” of the physiological adaptation processes which Bricker originally proposed in the 1970’s. In fact, NKA ligands such as cardiotonic steroids (CTS), have been shown to signal through NKA, and consequently been implicated in mediating both adaptive and maladaptive responses to volume overload such as fibrosis and oxidative stress.
  • 407
  • 22 Aug 2023
Topic Review
Therapeutic Drugs of Mitochondrial-Respiratory-Chain in Chronic Kidney Failure
The function of the respiratory chain is closely associated with kidney function, and the dysfunction of the respiratory chain is a primary pathophysiological change in chronic kidney failure. The incidence of chronic kidney failure caused by defects in respiratory-chain-related genes has frequently been overlooked. Correcting abnormal metabolic reprogramming, rescuing the “toxic respiratory chain”, and targeting the clearance of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are potential therapies for treating chronic kidney failure. These treatments have shown promising results in slowing fibrosis and inflammation progression and improving kidney function in various animal models of chronic kidney failure and patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The mitochondrial respiratory chain is a key target worthy of attention in the treatment of chronic kidney failure.
  • 404
  • 16 Jan 2024
Topic Review
Impact of Hemodiafiltration on Biomarkers
Dialysis treatment has improved the survival of patients with kidney failure. However, the hospitalization and mortality rates remain alarmingly high, primarily due to incomplete uremic toxin elimination. High-volume hemodiafiltration (HDF) has emerged as a promising approach that significantly improves patient outcomes by effectively eliminating medium and large uremic toxins, which explains its increasing adoption, particularly in Europe and Japan.
  • 356
  • 12 Sep 2023
Biography
Leonardo Oliveira Reis
Leonardo Oliveira Reis is Professor of Urology and Uro-Oncology at the State University of Campinas, Unicamp, and the Pontifical Catholic University of Campinas, PUC-Campinas. Holds the Habilitation title, "Livre docente" in Urology 2018 (Unesp) and Urologic Oncology 2021 (Unicamp), highest academic title, Privatdozent equivalent. Fulbright Visiting Professor at Harvard University, Brigham and Wom
  • 210
  • 20 Apr 2025
Topic Review
Hybrid Method for Automated MRI Prostate Segmentation
The paper aims to advance automated prostate segmentation on T2‑weighted MRI by introducing a hybrid topological atlas‑based method. It leverages a collection of pre‑labeled MRI atlas images to capture anatomical variability and produce accurate prostate segmentations. Experimental Design Data: The approach was evaluated on 30 T2‑weighted MRI scans. Evaluation metric: Automated contours were compared with manual expert segmentations using the Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC). Outcome: The method achieved high DSC values, indicating that it closely approximates expert-defined prostate boundaries. 📊 Key Results Demonstrated good overlap between automated and manual segmentations, proving that the hybrid approach is effective. Offers a quantitative performance benchmark: consistently solid DSC scores across the 30-case dataset.
  • 123
  • 01 Jul 2025
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