List of Messier Objects | Encyclopedia MDPI

List of Messier Objects: History

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The Messier objects are a set of 110 astronomical objects catalogued by the French astronomer Charles Messier in his "Catalogue des Nébuleuses et des Amas d'Étoiles" ("Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters"). A preliminary version first appeared in Memoirs of the French Academy of Sciences in 1771, and the last item was added in 1966 by Kenneth Glyn Jones, based on Messier's observations. The first version of Messier's catalogue contained 45 objects and was published in 1774 in the journal of the French Academy of Sciences in Paris. In addition to his own discoveries, this version included objects previously observed by other astronomers, with only 17 of the 45 objects being Messier’s. By 1780 the catalog had increased to 80 objects. The final version of the catalogue containing 103 objects was published in 1781 in the Connaissance des Temps for the year 1784. However, due to what was thought for a long time to be the incorrect addition of Messier 102, the total number remained 102. Other astronomers, using side notes in Messier's texts, eventually filled out the list up to 110 objects. The catalogue consists of a diverse range of astronomical objects, ranging from star clusters, nebula and galaxies. Messier 1 is the supernova remnant of Crab Nebula and the great spiral Andromeda Galaxy is M 31. Many further inclusions followed in the next century when the first addition came from Nicolas Camille Flammarion in 1921, who added Messier 104 after finding Messier’s side note in his 1781 edition exemplar of the catalogue. M105 to M107 were added by Helen Sawyer Hogg in 1947, M108 and M109 by Owen Gingerich in 1960, and M110 by Kenneth Glyn Jones in 1967. Because Messier was interested in finding only comets, he created a list of non-comet objects that frustrated his hunt for them. The compilation of this list, in collaboration with his assistant Pierre Méchain, is known as the Messier catalogue. This catalogue of objects is one of the most famous lists of astronomical objects, and many Messier objects are still referenced by their Messier number.

supernova remnant
d'étoiles
nébuleuses

1. Messier Objects

Open cluster Globular cluster Nebula Planetary nebula Supernova remnant Galaxy Other

Messier number	NGC/IC Number	Common name	Object type	Distance (kly)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude	Right Ascension	Declination
M1^[1]	NGC 1952	Crab Nebula	Supernova remnant	4.9–8.1	Taurus	8.4	05^h 34^m 31.94^s	+22° 00′ 52.2″
M2^[2]	NGC 7089		Cluster, globular	33	Aquarius	6.3	21^h 33^m 27.02^s	−00° 49′ 23.7″
M3^[3]	NGC 5272		Cluster, globular	33.9	Canes Venatici	6.2	13^h 42^m 11.62^s	+28° 22′ 38.2″
M4^[4]	NGC 6121		Cluster, globular	7.2	Scorpius	5.9	16^h 23^m 35.22^s	−26° 31′ 32.7″
M5^[5]	NGC 5904		Cluster, globular	24.5	Serpens	6.7	15^h 18^m 33.22^s	+02° 04′ 51.7″
M6^[6]	NGC 6405	Butterfly Cluster	Cluster, open	1.6	Scorpius	4.2	17^h 40.1^m	−32° 13′
M7^[7]	NGC 6475	Ptolemy Cluster	Cluster, open	0.65–1.31	Scorpius	3.3	17^h 53^m 51.2^s	−34° 47′ 34″
M8^[8]	NGC 6523	Lagoon Nebula	Nebula with cluster	4.1	Sagittarius	6.0	18^h 03^m 37^s	−24° 23′ 12″
M9^[9]	NGC 6333		Cluster, globular	25.8	Ophiuchus	8.4	17^h 19^m 11.78^s	−18° 30′ 58.5″
M10^[10]	NGC 6254		Cluster, globular	14.3	Ophiuchus	6.4	16^h 57^m 8.92^s	−04° 05′ 58.07″
M11^[11]	NGC 6705	Wild Duck Cluster	Cluster, open	6.2	Scutum	6.3	18^h 51.1^m	−06° 16′
M12^[12]	NGC 6218		Cluster, globular	15.7	Ophiuchus	7.7	16^h 47^m 14.18^s	−01° 56′ 54.7″
M13^[13]	NGC 6205	Great Globular Cluster in Hercules	Cluster, globular	22.2	Hercules	5.8	16^h 41^m 41.24^s	+36° 27′ 35.5″
M14^[14]	NGC 6402		Cluster, globular	30.3	Ophiuchus	8.3	17^h 37^m 36.15^s	−03° 14′ 45.3″
M15^[15]	NGC 7078		Cluster, globular	33	Pegasus	6.2	21^h 29^m 58.33^s	+12° 10′ 01.2″
M16^[16]	NGC 6611	Eagle Nebula	Nebula, H II region with cluster	7	Serpens	6.0	18^h 18^m 48^s	−13° 49′
M17^[17]	NGC 6618	Omega, Swan, Horseshoe, or Lobster Nebula	Nebula, H II region with cluster	5–6	Sagittarius	6.0	18^h 20^m 26^s	−16° 10′ 36″
M18^[18]	NGC 6613		Cluster, open	4.9	Sagittarius	7.5	18^h 19.9^m	−17° 08′
M19^[19]	NGC 6273		Cluster, globular	28.7	Ophiuchus	7.5	17^h 02^m 37.69^s	−26° 16′ 04.6″
M20^[20]	NGC 6514	Trifid Nebula	Nebula, H II region with cluster	5.2	Sagittarius	6.3	18^h 02^m 23^s	−23° 01′ 48″
M21^[21]	NGC 6531		Cluster, open	4.25	Sagittarius	6.5	18^h 04.6^m	−22° 30′
M22^[22]	NGC 6656	Sagittarius Cluster	Cluster, globular	9.6–11.6	Sagittarius	5.1	18^h 36^m 23.94^s	−23° 54′ 17.1″
M23^[23]	NGC 6494		Cluster, open	2.15	Sagittarius	6.9	17^h 56.8^m	−19° 01′
M24^[24]	IC 4715	Sagittarius Star Cloud	Milky Way star cloud	~10	Sagittarius	4.6	18^h 17^m	−18° 29′
M25^[25]	IC 4725		Cluster, open	2.0	Sagittarius	4.6	18^h 31.6^m	−19° 15′
M26^[26]	NGC 6694		Cluster, open	5.0	Scutum	8.0	18^h 45.2^m	−09° 24′
M27^[27]	NGC 6853	Dumbbell Nebula	Nebula, planetary	1.148–1.52	Vulpecula	7.5	19^h 59^m 36.340^s	+22° 43′ 16.09″
M28^[28]	NGC 6626		Cluster, globular	17.9	Sagittarius	7.7	18^h 24^m 32.89^s	−24° 52′ 11.4″
M29^[29]	NGC 6913	Cooling Tower	Cluster, open	7.2	Cygnus	7.1	20^h 23^m 56^s	+38° 31′ 24″
M30^[30]	NGC 7099		Cluster, globular	27.8–31	Capricornus	7.7	21^h 40^m 22.12	−23° 10′ 47.5″
M31^[31]	NGC 224	Andromeda Galaxy	Galaxy, spiral	2,430–2,650	Andromeda	3.4	00^h 42^m 44.3^s	+41° 16′ 9″
M32^[32]	NGC 221		Galaxy, dwarf elliptical	2,410–2,570	Andromeda	8.1	00^h 42^m 41.8^s	+40° 51′ 55″
M33^[33]	NGC 598	Triangulum Galaxy	Galaxy, spiral	2,380–3,070	Triangulum	5.7	01^h 33^m 50.02^s	+30° 39′ 36.7″
M34^[34]	NGC 1039		Cluster, open	1.5	Perseus	5.5	02^h 42.1^m	+42° 46′
M35^[35]	NGC 2168		Cluster, open	2.8	Gemini	5.3	06^h 09.1^m	+24° 21′
M36^[36]	NGC 1960		Cluster, open	4.1	Auriga	6.3	05^h 36^m 12^s	+34° 08′ 4″
M37^[37]	NGC 2099		Cluster, open	4.511	Auriga	6.2	05^h 52^m 18^s	+32° 33′ 02″
M38^[38]	NGC 1912		Cluster, open	4.2	Auriga	7.4	05^h 28^m 42^s	+35° 51′ 18″
M39^[39]	NGC 7092		Cluster, open	0.8244	Cygnus	5.5	21^h 31^m 42^s	+48° 25′ ″
M40^[40]		Winnecke 4	Double star WNC4	0.51	Ursa Major	9.7	12^h 22^m 12.5^s	+58° 4' 59"
M41^[41]	NGC 2287		Cluster, open	2.3	Canis Major	4.5	06^h 46.0^m	−20° 46′
M42^[42]	NGC 1976	Orion Nebula	Nebula, H II region	1.324–1.364	Orion	4.0	05^h 35^m 17.3	−05° 23′ 28″
M43^[43]	NGC 1982	De Mairan's Nebula	Nebula, H II region (part of the Orion Nebula)	1.6	Orion	9.0	05^h 35.6^m	−05° 16′
M44^[44]	NGC 2632	Beehive Cluster	Cluster, open	0.577	Cancer	3.7	08^h 40.4^m	+19° 59′
M45^[45]		Pleiades	Cluster, open	0.39–0.46	Taurus	1.6	03^h 47^m 24^s	+24° 07′ 00″
M46^[46]	NGC 2437		Cluster, open	5.4	Puppis	6.1	07^h 41.8^m	−14° 49′
M47^[47]	NGC 2422		Cluster, open	1.6	Puppis	4.2	07^h 36.6^m	−14° 30′
M48^[48]	NGC 2548		Cluster, open	1.5	Hydra	5.5	08^h 13.7^m	−05° 45′
M49^[49]	NGC 4472		Galaxy, elliptical	53,600–58,200	Virgo	9.4	12^h 29^m 46.7^s	+08° 00′ 02″
M50^[50]	NGC 2323		Cluster, open	3.2	Monoceros	5.9	07^h 03.2^m	−08° 20′
M51^[51]	NGC 5194, NGC 5195	Whirlpool Galaxy	Galaxy, spiral	19,000–27,000	Canes Venatici	8.4	13^h 29^m 52.7^s	+47° 11′ 43″
M52^[52]	NGC 7654		Cluster, open	5.0	Cassiopeia	5.0	23^h 24.2^m	+61° 35′
M53^[53]	NGC 5024		Cluster, globular	58	Coma Berenices	8.3	13^h 12^m 55.25^s	+18° 10′ 05.4″
M54^[54]	NGC 6715		Cluster, globular	87.4	Sagittarius	8.4	18^h 55^m 03.33^s	−30° 28′ 47.5″
M55^[55]	NGC 6809		Cluster, globular	17.6	Sagittarius	7.4	19^h 39^m 59.71^s	−30° 57′ 53.1″
M56^[56]	NGC 6779		Cluster, globular	32.9	Lyra	8.3	19^h 16^m 35.57^s	+30° 11′ 00.5″
M57^[57]	NGC 6720	Ring Nebula	Nebula, planetary	1.6–3.8	Lyra	8.8	18^h 53^m 35.079^s	+33° 01′ 45.03″
M58^[58]	NGC 4579		Galaxy, barred spiral	~63,000	Virgo	10.5	12^h 37^m 43.5^s	+11° 49′ 05″
M59^[59]	NGC 4621		Galaxy, elliptical	55,000–65,000	Virgo	10.6	12^h 42^m 02.3^s	+11° 38′ 49″
M60^[60]	NGC 4649		Galaxy, elliptical	51,000–59,000	Virgo	9.8	12^h 43^m 39.6^s	+11° 33′ 09″
M61^[61]	NGC 4303		Galaxy, spiral	50,200–54,800	Virgo	10.2	12^h 21^m 54.9^s	+04° 28′ 25″
M62^[62]	NGC 6266		Cluster, globular	22.2	Ophiuchus	7.4	17^h 01^m 12.60^s	−30° 06′ 44.5″
M63^[63]	NGC 5055	Sunflower Galaxy	Galaxy, spiral	37,000	Canes Venatici	9.3	13^h 15^m 49.3^s	+42° 01′ 45″
M64^[64]	NGC 4826	Black Eye Galaxy	Galaxy, spiral	22,000–26,000	Coma Berenices	9.4	12^h 56^m 43.7^s	+21° 40′ 58″
M65^[65]	NGC 3623	Leo Triplet	Galaxy, barred spiral	41,000–42,000	Leo	10.3	11^h 18^m 55.9^s	+13° 05′ 32″
M66^[66]	NGC 3627	Leo Triplet	Galaxy, barred spiral	31,000–41,000	Leo	8.9	11^h 20^m 15.0^s	+12° 59′ 30″
M67^[67]	NGC 2682		Cluster, open	2.61–2.93	Cancer	6.1	08^h 51.3^m	+11° 49′
M68^[68]	NGC 4590		Cluster, globular	33.6	Hydra	9.7	12^h 39^m 27.98^s	−26° 44′ 38.6″
M69^[69]	NGC 6637		Cluster, globular	29.7	Sagittarius	8.3	18^h 31^m 23.10^s	−32° 20′ 53.1″
M70^[70]	NGC 6681		Cluster, globular	29.4	Sagittarius	9.1	18^h 43^m 12.76^s	−32° 17′ 31.6″
M71^[71]	NGC 6838		Cluster, globular	13.0	Sagitta	6.1	19^h 53^m 46.49^s	+18° 46′ 45.1″
M72^[72]	NGC 6981		Cluster, globular	53.40–55.74	Aquarius	9.4	20^h 53^m 27.70^s	−12° 32′ 14.3″
M73^[73]	NGC 6994		Asterism	~2.5	Aquarius	9.0	20^h 58^m 54^s	−12° 38′
M74^[74]	NGC 628		Galaxy, spiral	24,000–36,000	Pisces	10.0	01^h 36^m 41.8^s	+15° 47′ 01″
M75^[75]	NGC 6864		Cluster, globular	67.5	Sagittarius	9.2	20^h 06^m 04.75^s	−21° 55′ 16.2″
M76^[76]	NGC 650, NGC 651	Little Dumbbell Nebula	Nebula, planetary	2.5	Perseus	10.1	01^h 42.4^m	+51° 34′ 31″
M77^[77]	NGC 1068	Cetus A	Galaxy, spiral	47,000	Cetus	9.6	02^h 42^m 40.7^s	−00° 00′ 48″
M78^[78]	NGC 2068		Nebula, diffuse	1.6	Orion	8.3	05^h 46^m 46.7^s	+00° 00′ 50″
M79^[79]	NGC 1904		Cluster, globular	41	Lepus	8.6	05^h 24^m 10.59^s	−24° 31′ 27.3″
M80^[80]	NGC 6093		Cluster, globular	32.6	Scorpius	7.9	16^h 17^m 02.41^s	−22° 58′ 33.9″
M81^[81]	NGC 3031	Bode's Galaxy	Galaxy, spiral	11,400–12,200	Ursa Major	6.9	09^h 55^m 33.2^s	+69° 3′ 55″
M82^[82]	NGC 3034	Cigar Galaxy	Galaxy, starburst	10,700–12,300	Ursa Major	8.4	09^h 55^m 52.2^s	+69° 40′ 47″
M83^[83]	NGC 5236	Southern Pinwheel Galaxy	Galaxy, barred spiral	14,700	Hydra	7.5	13^h 37^m 00.9^s	−29° 51′ 57″
M84^[84]	NGC 4374		Galaxy, lenticular	57,000–63,000	Virgo	10.1	12^h 25^m 03.7^s	+12° 53′ 13″
M85^[85]	NGC 4382		Galaxy, lenticular	56,000–64,000	Coma Berenices	10.0	12^h 25^m 24.0^s	+18° 11′ 28″
M86^[86]	NGC 4406		Galaxy, lenticular	49,000–55,000	Virgo	9.8	12^h 26^m 11.7^s	+12° 56′ 46″
M87^[87]	NGC 4486	Virgo A	Galaxy, elliptical	51,870–55,130	Virgo	9.6	12^h 30^m 49.42338^s	+12° 23′ 28.0439″
M88^[88]	NGC 4501		Galaxy, spiral	39,000–56,000	Coma Berenices	10.4	12^h 31^m 59.2^s	+14° 25′ 14″
M89^[89]	NGC 4552		Galaxy, elliptical	47,000–53,000	Virgo	10.7	12^h 35^m 39.8^s	+12° 33′ 23″
M90^[90]	NGC 4569		Galaxy, spiral	55,900–61,500	Virgo	10.3	12^h 36^m 49.8^s	+13° 09′ 46″
M91^[91]	NGC 4548		Galaxy, barred spiral	47,000–79,000	Coma Berenices	11.0	12^h 35^m 26.4^s	+14° 29′ 47″
M92^[92]	NGC 6341		Cluster, globular	26.7	Hercules	6.3	17^h 17^m 07.39^s	+43° 08′ 09.4″
M93^[93]	NGC 2447		Cluster, open	3.6	Puppis	6.0	07^h 44.6^m	−23° 52′
M94^[94]	NGC 4736		Galaxy, spiral	14,700–17,300	Canes Venatici	9.0	12^h 50^m 53.1^s	+41° 07′ 14″
M95^[95]	NGC 3351		Galaxy, barred spiral	31,200–34,000	Leo	11.4	10^h 43^m 57.7^s	+11° 42′ 14″
M96^[96]	NGC 3368		Galaxy, spiral	28,000–34,000	Leo	10.1	10^h 46^m 45.7^s	+11° 49′ 12″
M97^[97]	NGC 3587	Owl Nebula	Nebula, planetary	2.03	Ursa Major	9.9	11^h 14^m 47.734^s	+55° 01′ 08.50″
M98^[98]	NGC 4192		Galaxy, spiral	44,400	Coma Berenices	11.0	12^h 13^m 48.292^s	+14° 54′ 01.69″
M99^[99]	NGC 4254		Galaxy, spiral	44,700–55,700	Coma Berenices	10.4	12^h 18^m 49.6^s	+14° 24′ 59″
M100^[100]	NGC 4321		Galaxy, spiral	55,000	Coma Berenices	10.1	12^h 22^m 54.9^s	+15° 49′ 21″
M101^[101]	NGC 5457	Pinwheel Galaxy	Galaxy, spiral	19,100–22,400	Ursa Major	7.9	14^h 03^m 12.6^s	+54° 20′ 57″
M102^[102]	NGC 5866	Spindle Galaxy	Galaxy, lenticular	50,000	Draco	10.7	15^h 06^m 29.5^s	+55° 45′ 48″
M103^[103]	NGC 581		Cluster, open	10	Cassiopeia	7.4	01^h 33.2^m	+60° 42′
M104^[104]	NGC 4594	Sombrero Galaxy	Galaxy, spiral	28,700–30,900	Virgo	9.0	12^h 39^m 59.4^s	−11° 37′ 23″
M105^[105]	NGC 3379		Galaxy, elliptical	30,400–33,600	Leo	10.2	10^h 47^m 49.6^s	+12° 34′ 54″
M106^[106]	NGC 4258		Galaxy, spiral	22,200–25,200	Canes Venatici	9.1	12^h 18^m 57.5^s	+47° 18′ 14″
M107^[107]	NGC 6171		Cluster, globular	20.9	Ophiuchus	8.9	16^h 32^m 31.86^s	−13° 03′ 13.6″
M108^[108]	NGC 3556		Galaxy, barred spiral	46,000	Ursa Major	10.7	11^h 11^m 31.0^s	+55° 40′ 27″
M109^[109]	NGC 3992		Galaxy, barred spiral	59,500–107,500	Ursa Major	10.6	11^h 57^m 36.0^s	+53° 22′ 28″
M110^[110]	NGC 205		Galaxy, dwarf elliptical	2,600–2,780	Andromeda	9.0	00^h 40^m 22.1^s	+41° 41′ 07″
Messier number	NGC Number	Common name	Object type	Distance (kly)	Constellation	Apparent magnitude	Right Ascension	Declination

2. Star Chart of Messier Objects

Messier Star Chart. https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?curid=2011200

The content is sourced from: https://handwiki.org/wiki/Astronomy:List_of_Messier_objects

References

Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 1". http://messier.seds.org/m/m001.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 2". http://messier.seds.org/m/m002.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 3". http://messier.seds.org/m/m003.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 4". http://messier.seds.org/m/m004.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 5". http://messier.seds.org/m/m005.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 6". http://messier.seds.org/m/m006.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 7". http://messier.seds.org/m/m007.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 8". http://messier.seds.org/m/m008.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 9". http://messier.seds.org/m/m009.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 10". http://messier.seds.org/m/m010.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 11". http://messier.seds.org/m/m011.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 12". http://messier.seds.org/m/m012.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 13". http://messier.seds.org/m/m013.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 14". http://messier.seds.org/m/m014.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 15". http://messier.seds.org/m/m015.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 16". http://messier.seds.org/m/m016.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 17". http://messier.seds.org/m/m017.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 18". http://messier.seds.org/m/m018.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 19". http://messier.seds.org/m/m019.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 20". http://messier.seds.org/m/m020.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 21". http://messier.seds.org/m/m021.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 22". http://messier.seds.org/m/m022.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 23". http://messier.seds.org/m/m023.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 24". http://messier.seds.org/m/m024.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 25". http://messier.seds.org/m/m025.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 26". http://messier.seds.org/m/m026.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 27". http://messier.seds.org/m/m027.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 28". http://messier.seds.org/m/m028.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 29". http://messier.seds.org/m/m029.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 30". http://messier.seds.org/m/m030.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 31". http://messier.seds.org/m/m031.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 32". http://messier.seds.org/m/m032.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 33". http://messier.seds.org/m/m033.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 34". http://messier.seds.org/m/m034.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 35". http://messier.seds.org/m/m035.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 36". http://messier.seds.org/m/m036.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 37". http://messier.seds.org/m/m037.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 38". http://messier.seds.org/m/m038.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 39". http://messier.seds.org/m/m039.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 40". http://messier.seds.org/m/m040.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 41". http://messier.seds.org/m/m041.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 42". http://messier.seds.org/m/m042.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 43". http://messier.seds.org/m/m043.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 44". http://messier.seds.org/m/m044.html. Retrieved 2014-03-17.
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Messier, Charles (1771). "Messier 102". http://messier.seds.org/m/m102.html. Retrieved 2016-12-28.
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Messier, Charles (1783). "Messier 105". http://messier.seds.org/m/m105.html. Retrieved 2014-03-18.
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