3.1. Compressed Hydrogen Storage

Compressed hydrogen storage is currently the most common method of hydrogen storage. Typically, hydrogen gas is pressurized in a metal-composite tank at a given pressure, which can vary widely depending on the tank and its use, from 200 bar to 700 bar [71]. Higher pressures have been used for the storage of gaseous hydrogen in order to achieve volumetric densities close to that of liquid hydrogen, 70.8 g/L (about 1000 times the volumetric density of hydrogen gas at ambient pressure and temperature).

The use of the compressed hydrogen storage technique is not new. In Teeside, England, 5 MPa compressed hydrogen was stored in caverns and, in France, between 1956–1972, an aquifer was used to store a synthetic gas of 50–60% hydrogen [72]. However, as subway hydrogen storage systems were too limited to be implemented on a large scale [73], coupled with a growing interest in hydrogen in the 1970s as a result of the oil crisis [74], led to the research and development of hydrogen storage tanks, whose vessels were initially made of aluminium; however, as they were not strong enough, vessel materials were changed to a carbon-fibre composite [75].

3.1.1. Fundamental Principles

Currently, there are different types of compressed hydrogen tanks: type I are all-metal tanks in which hydrogen is usually stored between 200 and 300 bar (this type of tank has a low gravimetric density of about 1 wt. % due to the materials from which it is made); type II are metal tanks with their cylindrical part reinforced by Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) composite material, which allows this kind of tank to reach a slightly higher storage capacity than type I tanks (both type I and type II tanks are used in stationary applications); type III are tanks that have a fully CFRP-wrapped metal liner; type IV tanks are similar to type III tanks except that their liner is polymeric and not metallic (type IV tanks have reached a gravimetric density of 4.2 wt. %, because these tanks are made of lighter materials, and a volumetric density of 24 g/L at 700 bar); and, finally, type V tanks are in the development phase and are completely made of composite materials (unlined structures). Among these tanks, the most common and widely used are type III and type IV tanks due to their light weight and fatigue resistance, as well as the fact that their nominal working pressure is usually 350 to 700 bar (considerably higher than type I and type II tanks), which explains the use of these type of tanks in the automotive sector or for industrial purposes [76–78]. In addition, the industry has set a target of storing compressed hydrogen in 700 bar tanks, whereby a 6 wt. % gravimetric density and a 30 g/L volumetric density can be achieved [79]; in comparison, a 350 bar hydrogen tank has a gravimetric density of 5.5 wt. % and a volumetric density of 17.6 g/L [80]. Furthermore, this technique has the advantage that it can be used to repeatedly (and frequently) charge and discharge the hydrogen in the tank up to a lifetime of 20 years [81]. In fact, in the case of type III tanks, they can be charged and discharged up to 5122 times before their lifetime comes to an end [82]. Although this technique consumes 2.21 kWh/kg for an isothermal compression from 0.1 to 80 MPa, this value is much lower than that of other techniques such as hydrogen liquefaction [79].

3.1.2. Mathematical Model

To know the State of Charge (SOC) of a compressed hydrogen tank, the Noble-Abel equation of state model for real gases can first be used to calculate the tank pressure [83–85] as shown in Equation (6):

(6)

where:

M_g: molar mass of gas (g/mol)

p: gas pressure (atm)

ρ: gas density (g/L)

R: universal gas constant (0.082 (atm·L)/(K·mol))

T: gas temperature (K)

B_N-A: Noble-Abel constant (0.007691 L/g for hydrogen gas).

After knowing this, the SOC of the hydrogen tank will be calculated according to the expression found in Equation (7):

(7)

where:

SOC: state of charge of the hydrogen tank (%)

p_max: maximum hydrogen tank pressure (atm).

This hydrogen storage technique can be used in different applications, such as small-scale storage, so it can be used in different vehicles like cars and buses [86], as a storage system in a microgrid [87] or even stored in a 700 bar tank in a hydrogen-powered snow groomer [88].

3.2. Liquid Hydrogen Storage

3.2.1. Fundamental Principles

To obtain liquid hydrogen, it is necessary to reach the hydrogen critical temperature, 33 K, i.e., almost to absolute zero. In this sense, liquid hydrogen storage tanks are at ambient pressure and a temperature of 21.2 K; in addition, the process to obtain it is a Joule-Thomson cycle in which gaseous hydrogen is first compressed, then cooled in a heat exchanger and finally expanded in a valve isenthalpically to form liquid. Although theoretically only 3.23 kWh/kg of energy are needed to liquefy hydrogen, in the practice, this values are as high as 15.2 kWh/kg, i.e., half of the Lower Heating Value (LHV) of hydrogen (33.36 kWh/kg) [89].

Although hydrogen began to be stored in liquid form in the 1940s, it was not until the 1980s and 1990s that liquid hydrogen began to be studied seriously because of its high potential [75].

This technique has the advantage of a high volumetric density, 71 g/L, compared to compressed gaseous hydrogen storage tanks [90], but the disadvantage of having to deal with boiloff ratio, which can be 0.1 to 0.2% per day of the total liquid hydrogen depending on the ratio of area to volume, so in order to reduce these losses, it is necessary to reduce the area, in proportion, more than the volume [91]. Furthermore, according to the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), liquid hydrogen storage tanks lifetime are set at 30 years by 2025 [92].

3.2.2. Mathematical Model

To estimate liquid hydrogen storage tanks State of Charge (SOC), Equation (8) will be used to achieve this purpose:

(8)

where:

SOC: state of charge of the liquid hydrogen tank (%)

m_t: hydrogen mass in the tank (g)

ρ_H2l: liquid hydrogen density (71 g/L)

V_t: total volume of the liquid hydrogen storage tank (L).

Although it is currently a problem to implement liquid hydrogen storage in hydrogen-powered automotive applications, it is used in aerospace engineering [93] and in marine applications as temperature sensors [94]. One future direction for this technology is to combine with compressed hydrogen storage technology to obtain cryocompressed hydrogen storage tanks, which are capable of increasing volumetric density from 70 g/L at 1 atm to 87 g/L at 237 atm [75].

3.3. Metal Hydride Storage

3.3.1. Fundamental Principles

Metal hydrides (MHx) are the most technologically relevant class of hydrogen storage materials, as they can be used in a variety of applications at ambient pressure and temperature. In this case, gaseous hydrogen molecules are absorbed by the material in the solid state to form metallic hydrogen compounds and the hydrogen is distributed compactly throughout the metal lattice.

The reaction is reversible and exists as an equilibrium state under certain conditions of pressure and temperature. In other words, by changing the conditions, the reaction can move in the forward or backward direction. The heat on the right-hand side indicates that heat or energy is released when the MHx is formed (during the charging process), and therefore heat must be put into the system to release the hydrogen from the metal hydride (during the discharging process).

The origins of this technology date back to 1810, when Luigi Sementini, a professor of chemistry in Naples, published a report of a new method for extracting potassium and sodium. Many years later, Thomas Graham became interested in metal hydrides because he saw in this technology a new aspect of his studies on gas diffusion and extended the research with metals from platinum to palladium to observe the high adsorption of hydrogen. However, it was not until the laboratory work of Winkler (whose work led to the discovery of a larger number of metal hydrides), Moissan and others, that industrial developments became possible. Thus, in 1905, Bitterfeld claimed in a patent that molten calcium in an iron vessel rapidly absorbed hydrogen, and a 1943 patent established the idea of hydrogen as a fuel cell in a chemical energy package thanks to metal hydrides [95].

3.3.2. Mathematical Model

For this technology, the solid density of a fully hydrogenated metal hydride (ρ_MH) can be calculated thanks to the expression Equation (10) [96]:

(10)

ρ_MH: hydrogenated metal hydride density (kg/m³)

A_MH: fraction (molar mass H₂/molar mass unhydrated metal alloy) 

C_MH: atomic ratio of hydrogen to metal (H/M)

S: swelling of the alloy volume during absorption/desorption (%)

C_MHmax: maximum atomic ratio of hydrogen to metal (H/M)

ρ_MHinitial: initial metal hydride density (kg/m³)

The packing density (ρ_packing) of the metal hydride tank can be calculated by the following volumetric method applied to the material when it is not hydrogenated; for a cylindrical metal hydride tank, it will be obtained from Equation (11):

(11)

where:

ρ_packing: metal hydride tank packing density (g/L)

m_{t unhyd.}: metal hydride tank mass when not hydrogenated (g)

R_{MH t}: metal hydride tank radius (m)

H: metal hydride tank height (m).

On the other hand, to know the charge level (SOC) in metal hydride tank, we can use Equation (12):

(12)

m_MHt: metal hydride tank mass (g)

m_H2max: nominal MH tank hydrogen mass (g).

As m_MHt-m_{t unhyd.} represents the mass of hydrogen in the metal hydride tank, it can be defined as Δm=m_MHt-m_{t unhyd.}.To estimate the evolution of the mass of hydrogen in the metal hydride tank during charging, i.e., Δm, the authors have proposed the following mathematical model Equation (13):

(13)

where:

Δm: hydrogen mass in the metal hydride tank (g)

m_{MH f}: final hydrogen mass in the metal hydride tank (g)

t: time (s)

t₀: initial time (s)

n: dimensionless constant to be adjusted by user (in case of experimental test carried by authors, n=5)

t_{MH T}: total time to charge the metal hydride tank (s).

To validate this mathematical model during charging, the authors have used a (LaCe)Ni₅ 1500 NL metal hydride tank [97], which is externally cooled at 0.0 °C (so that the tank absorbs more hydrogen) and charged by a pressurized hydrogen tank. Thanks to a flowmeter which measures the volumetric flow in NL/h with a sample period of 1 s, it is possible to estimate the mass of hydrogen accumulated in the tank during charge process, Equation (14):

(14)

where:

m_H2: hydrogen mass stored in the MH tank (g)

V̇_i: hydrogen volumetric flow rate (NL/h)

Δt_i: time intervals (1 s)

M_H2: molar mass of hydrogen (2 g/mol)

p_N: pressure at normal conditions (1 atm)

R: universal gas constant (0.082 (atm·L)/(K·mol))

T_N: temperature at normal conditions (273 K)

Once the tank is charged and m_MHF and t_{MH T} are obtained, the mathematical model can be validated by obtaining the constant n with mathematical methods (which, for this case, turns out to be 5). Figure 11 shows a comparison between measured results and the proposed mathematical model.

Figure 11. MH tank charging process. Hydrogen mass evolution.

The final charge mass of the MH tank is 97.92 g of hydrogen. To check that this is correct, the MH tank is discharged by a Polymeric Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEM-FC) operating at a voltage of 62.13 V with an efficiency of 46.5%. The hydrogen mass discharged from the MH tank (which must be slightly less than the mass of hydrogen obtained during charging) can be calculated by Equation (15):

(15)

where:

m_H2: hydrogen mass discharged into the MH tank (g)

V_FC: PEM-FC operating voltage (62.13 V)

I_FC-i: PEM-FC operating current for the period of time i (A)

Δt_i: period of time i (h)

LHV_H2: hydrogen lower heating value (33.36 Wh/g)

η_FC: PEM-FC efficiency (46.5%).

Since the operating voltage of the PEM-FC is constant and its operating current is nearly constant, the discharge must be quasi-linear, as can be seen in Figure 12.

Figure 12. Hydrogen mass discharged through time.

The hydrogen mass discharged during MH tank desorption is 96.89 g, slightly lower than the hydrogen mass absorbed by the tank during the charging process. That is, the energy round-trip efficiency of MH tank reaches 98.94%.

3.3.3. Technical Comparison

Current metal hydride tanks can reach an operating charge pressure of more than 100 bar. However, for practical and economic reasons, less than 30 bar is preferred; on the other hand, the discharge process must be carried out at a pressure of about 2 bar and at a temperature below 100 °C. Although this technology provides a high volumetric density, 100 g H₂/L, its maximum gravimetric density is below 7 wt. %, but in practice, it is usually around 3 wt. %. Although this storage method has efficiency of 88% [86], its main disadvantage is the lifetime (up to 1500 cycles or 10 years) [98].

The storage materials to be combined with hydrogen in this technology include Ni, Co, Al, Mn, Sn, Cr, Fe, V, Mg, among others [86,99]. This technology can be found to be used in different applications such as stationary and mobile, heat storage, automotive, railroads or a high pressure metal hydride tank (>875 bar) for refuelling fuel cell vehicles [99,100].

3.4. Physisorption

The physisorption of gas molecules, Figure 13, onto the surface of a solid, is the result of resonant fluctuations of charge distributions (i.e., Van der Waals interactions, composed of two terms: an attractive and a repulsive one, which decrease with distance, , in a ratio of  and , respectively). For this reason, physisorption is weak, and significant physisorption can only be observed at low temperatures (<273 K) [89]. Porous materials are a potentially promising storage technology for absorbing hydrogen, since they can reach a high capacity and can release the gas reversibly [79,101]. Among all porous materials, porous carbon materials and Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) are known to be promising. This technology has advantages such as low cost of materials, high surface area, faster charging and discharging processes or the possibility of mitigating thermal management issues. However, the need for low pressure and temperature, the weight of carrier materials and low gravimetric and volumetric density make the application of this technology difficult. These disadvantages have meant that experiments with this technology have been unsatisfactory; and it is far from be widely used, being only possible to find applications in small-scale experiments [101].

Figure 13. Physisorption process.

3.5. Complex Hydrides Storage

Complex hydrides are generally solid ions composed of cations bonded to complex anion groups (centered on Al, B or N, among others), such as AlH₄⁻, NH²⁻ or NH₂⁻, through a covalent bond, in which hydrogen participates. Due to slow kinetics reactions, decomposition of complex metal hydrides take place at high temperatures (in the case of LiBH₄, it takes place at 500 °C), while hydriding reaction take place at high pressures (up to 200 MPa) because of a faster reaction rate [102]. Figure 14 shows physical process of complex hydrides.

Although complex hydrides are known since 19th century (there is a report [103] on metal amides from 1809), it was not until the 1960s when they were started to be studied as potential hydrogen storage materials [103]. Many years later [104], in the mid-nineties, Bogdanovic discovered hydrogen uptake and release for sodium alanate, NaAlH₄, at moderate conditions. Later, in 2002 [104], P. Chen discovered reversible nitrogen-based complex hydrides and, in 2003, A. Züttel, and co-workers were the first to start investigating tetrahydridoboranates, such as LiBH₄, [104].

Figure 14. Complex hydrides process.

For this technology, high volumetric and gravimetric densities can be found (which will be different based on the material used). For example, for ammonia borane, NH₃BH₃, a 19.6 wt. % and a 150 g/L gravimetric and volumetric densities, respectively, are found [105], while for Mg₂FeH₆, a 5.5 wt. % and a 150 g/L gravimetric and volumetric densities, respectively, are found [106]. Furthermore, this technology has a long lifetime, with more than 5000 adsorption/desorption cycles [104]. Although these densities made complex hydrides storage a serious option to store large amounts of hydrogen (up to 700 kg [104]), this technology has to cope with issues such as thermal management (heat removal at several hundred of degrees) during refuelling [105].

This technology can be used in different applications such as on-board hydrogen storage, stationary storage, or portable power [102].

3.6. Alkalimetal + H₂O

This technology combines a particular case in complex hydrides (which it is made, for this hydrogen storage technique, from alkali or alkaline earth cations bonded to the complex anions introduced above) with water to cause a simple reaction in which hydrogen is obtained as a product [107]. Figure 15 shows the physical process of this technology.

Figure 15. Alkalimetal+H₂O physical process.

This technology is far from be implemented, as it is still in the development phase. It was in 2003 that Li et al. generated hydrogen from a reaction between sodium borohydride (NaBH₄), with a gravimetric density of 10.6 wt. %, and water at an operating temperature of 60 °C [108].

The materials that can be used for this technique have a wide range for both volumetric and gravimetric densities, varying from 25.86 g/L for CsH to 138.08 g/L for BeH₂ in the case of volumetric density, and from 0.75 wt. % for CsH to 18.39 wt. % for LiBH₄ in the case of gravimetric density [107]. Furthermore, an advantage of this technology over complex hydrides is a lower operating temperature, for example, the decomposition temperature of NaBH₄ to obtain hydrogen is 565 °C [107], while for the reaction of this material with water, the operating temperature is just 60 °C [108]. Due to their higher gravimetric and volumetric densities, together with a higher stability of borohydrides, some of the most promising materials in this technology (still under research), LiBH₄, NaBH₄ or Ca(BH₄)₂, among others [107], can be found.

Once the different hydrogen storage techniques have been analysed, a comparison has been made between gravimetric and volumetric densities for the different hydrogen storage alternatives, Figure 16 (where alkali metals are treated as a particular case of complex hydrides, but in the case of a reaction with water, the operating temperature is much lower). In addition, Table 11 gives a technical comparison between the different commercial hydrogen storage technologies discussed in the paper.

Figure 16. Alternatives for hydrogen storage: technical comparative.

Table 11. Summary of technical parameters of commercial hydrogen storage technologies.

Table A5 in Appendix B shows commercial examples for hydrogen storage solutions.

4. Batteries vs Hydrogen Storage. Substitutes or Complementary

According to the comprehensive analysis developed along the paper, there are two major green energy storage alternatives that people are considering for small and medium-sized applications: batteries and hydrogen storage. It is obvious that batteries are the most widespread (computers, mobile phones, vehicles), while hydrogen storage is used in lesser-known applications like heavy transport (trucks, buses, railways, submarines or spy-planes), or renewable sources-based microgrids.

In order to select the best choice, the first comparison to be made is the lifetime of the storage systems. For example, for a hydrogen storage system, a lifetime of 5122 cycles can be found for a type III compressed hydrogen tank [82], which is a longer lifetime than most of the batteries (only redox flow batteries and some lithium-ion batteries can present better behaviour in terms of lifetime), while for a metal hydride tank, the lifetime is up to 1500 cycles [98], which is only competitive against some battery technologies such as metal-air batteries or lead-acid batteries. On the other hand, regarding storage systems round trip efficiency, for metal hydride tanks, efficiencies of 88% can be found [86]. Although some batteries can be found with higher round-trip efficiency, this storage system is competitive against battery ones. However, contrary to battery storage systems (which convert electrical energy into chemical energy to store energy in the charging process and, in the discharging process, batteries convert chemical energy into electrical energy), a hydrogen storage system does not convert the electrical energy into chemical energy in the charging process by itself (as well as it does not convert chemical energy into electrical energy in the discharging process), since a device is needed to produce hydrogen from electrical energy. If green hydrogen (the one obtained via renewable powered electrolysis) is required to be produced, it is necessary to use an electrolyser to produce hydrogen. For an alkaline electrolyser (the most developed electrolysis technology) this process has efficiencies between 43–66% [109]. Furthermore, once the hydrogen is stored in the tank, to obtain electrical energy from it, another device is needed; if that device is a polymeric electrolyte membrane fuel cell (such as the one used to discharge the metal hydride tank in the article), with efficiency of around 46.5%. In this sense, for the whole process (production, storage and conversion into electricity), even if the energy losses associated with storage process (which in the case of metal hydride tanks, are about 12% of the stored energy), the overall efficiency is 20–31%, while for battery storage systems, the round-trip efficiency varies from 60% to 95%, i.e., between 2 and 4.75 times the hydrogen process efficiency (even if the losses associated with storage process are ignored). In addition, since the fuel cell efficiency is 46.5% (i.e., much lower than the whole round-trip efficiency of battery storage systems), the equivalent energy in a hydrogen storage tank needs to be considerably higher than the energy stored in a battery in order to obtain the same electrical energy.

Finally, although hydrogen systems (i.e., apart from the hydrogen storage, an electrolyser to produce hydrogen and a fuel cell to convert chemical energy from hydrogen into electric energy are needed) hardly can compete with batteries in terms of overall efficiency, in terms of specific energy density, hydrogen has no rival. Hydrogen has a lower heating value of 33.36 kWh/kg, i.e., more than a hundred times batteries specific energy. Therefore, hydrogen storage systems can complement batteries and be used in renewable sources-based plants as a long-term storage system, while batteries would act as short and medium-term storage system.

5. Conclusions

In this paper, two energy storage techniques have been analysed: battery and hydrogen storage systems. The main result obtained is that, in spite of the fact that batteries have been too much more useful due to the infrastructure, maybe this does not continue to be the case. As for hydrogen as an energy carrier, technology is waiting for the infrastructure to develop. It is very likely that hydrogen will take the place of fossil fuels in both the building and transportation sectors. In addition to the comprehensive study describing the fundamental principles of each technology, the authors have presented a mathematical model for both battery and hydrogen technologies. In the battery case, the model has been parametrized so that it can be used for different types of batteries. Regarding hydrogen storage, a model is proposed for each commercial hydrogen storage solution: compressed hydrogen storage, liquid hydrogen storage and metal hydride storage. Experimental tests have allowed to show the hydrogen mass evolution during the charge-discharge cycle of a 1500 NL MH tank [97], validating the corresponding proposed mathematical model. The hydrogen mass saved in the MH tank during the charging process is likely the hydrogen extracted during discharge (97.92 g vs. 96.89 g, respectively) demonstrating the high round-trip efficiency in metal hydrides.

In the future, hydrogen energy and batteries are more likely to specialize in two completely different uses—for example, batteries are practical for small devices such as mobile phones and light transport, while hydrogen storage is suitable for stationary applications and heavy transport.

Furthermore, the increase in global energy demand, along with the need to reduce dependence of fossil fuel, makes the integration of RES unavoidable. However, these systems are not always available (for example, solar energy is not available at night, or wind energy is not available when it is not windy). In that sense, ESS can be a solution to integrate RES, to improve power system security (because in case of failure of the main power grid supply, they can guarantee the load energy demand), or as a way to guarantee auxiliary services (such as battery banks in hospitals). Moreover, the different ESS reduce the need of additional resources for transmission. They also improve system efficiency, due to that they allow the system to guarantee the load energy demand when RES are not available, and a better use of existing resources due to a more controlled security and supply and production. Lastly, these systems can reduce the investment costs required for new installations.

The goal of this paper has been to analyse from a technical point of view, two different methods of energy storage—batteries and hydrogen storage systems– to try to paint a clearer picture of these methods to aid the decision to use them in real life applications. Commercial examples and technical comparisons as well as research trends and future possibilities have been detailed in an attempt to aid planning and policy decisions.

Author Contributions: Conceptualization, J.R. and F.S.; methodology, F.S. and J.R.; software, F.J.V.; validation, F.J.V.; formal analysis, J.R. and F.S.; investigation, J.R. and F.J.V.; resources, J.M.A.; data curation, F.J.V.; writing—original draft preparation, J.M.A., F.S. and J.R; writing—review and editing, J.R. and F.S.; visualization, F.J.V.; supervision, F.S. and J.M.A.; project administration, J.M.A.; funding acquisition, J.M.A. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding: This research was funded by 1) Spanish Government, grant Ref: PID2020-116616RB-C31, 2) Andalusian Regional Program of R+D+i, grant Ref: P20-00730, and 3) FEDER-University of Huelva 2018, grant Ref: UHU-1259316.

Institutional Review Board Statement: Not applicable

Informed Consent Statement: Not applicable

Data Availability Statement: Not applicable.

Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Nomenclature

Appendix A. Battery Technology

Appendix A.1. Conventional Technology

The batteries included in this group are the most common and the most extended in the market, like Lead-Acid, Nickel-Cadmium and Lithium-ion batteries. All of them have in common a redox reaction in which one of the electrodes releases ions and the electrolyte carries them to the other side.

Table A1. Commercial examples of conventional batteries. Data provided by the manufacturer.

Appendix A.2. Molten Salt Technology

The batteries included in this group are characterized by their high operating temperature and high specific energy. Both ZEBRA and NAS batteries have in common a cylindrical cell structure where molten salts and alumina are used for electrode and electrolyte respectively.

Table A2. Commercial examples of Molten Salt batteries. Data provided by the manufacturer.

Appendix A.3. Redox Flow Technology

This type of battery is characterized by the fact that the electrolyte is stored in a tank that is separated from the own cell structure. Additionally, there is no material transfer between electrode and electrolyte, so the lifetime is independent of DOD.

Table A3. Commercial examples of Redox Flow Batteries. Data provided by the manufacturer.

Appendix A.4. Metal-Air Technology

This type of battery is characterized by an open cathode structure, where air enters and, in the presence of a catalyst, oxygen reacts with the metal-ions. This allows to increase the specific energy with respect to conventional rechargeable batteries.

Table A4. Commercial examples of Metal-Air Batteries. Data provided by the manufacturer.

Appendix B. Hydrogen Storage

In this Appendix, authors show commercial examples of hydrogen storage devices. Nowadays, it is possible to find two commercial options for hydrogen storage: compressed hydrogen storage and metal hydride storage.

Table A5. Commercial examples of Hydrogen storage. Data provided by the manufacturer.

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