Acalypha wilkesiana Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)
|
Pulped shoots (i.e., collected when leaves are still red) are applied to cuts and open sores [21].
|
Nigeria
|
Leaves; stem and root barks
|
Gallic acid, Corilagin, Geraniin, Rutin, Kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside [22].
|
Ageratum conyzoides (L.) L. (Asteraceae)
|
Meshed whole plant applied to wounds to enhance healing [21][23].
|
Brazil, India
|
Whole plant
|
5,6,7,8,3′,4′,5′-Heptamethoxyflavone, Coumarin [24]; Ageconyflavones A-C, Linderoflavone B, Eupalestin, Nobiletin, 5,6,7,5′-Tetramethoxy-3′,4′-methylenedioxyflavone, Sinensetin, 5,6,7,3′,4′,5′-Hexamethoxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,3′-Pentamethoxy-4′-hydroxyflavone, 5,6,7,8,3′,5′-Hexamethoxy-4′-hydroxyflavone [24][25].
|
Alphitonia excelsa (Fenzl) Reissek ex Benth. (Rhamnaceae)
|
Leaves are applied to sore eyes; warm aqueous leaves infusion is used as a bath to ease headaches; decoction from bark, wood, and roots is applied externally to relieve body pains; bark and wood decoction are used as a mouth wash to relieve toothache [21][26].
|
Philippines
|
Twigs
|
Betulinic acid [27].
|
Alphitonia petriei Braid & C.T.White (Rhamnaceae)
|
A decoction made from the bark is applied externally to relieve body pain [26].
|
Australia
|
Leaves; stems
|
Embolic acid, Alphitolic acid, trans- and cis-Coumaroyl esters of alphitolic acid, Betulinic acid [28].
|
Angophora costata (Gaertn.) Hochr. ex Britten (Myrtaceae)
|
An aqueous solution of reddish exudate from the trunk is taken orally against diarrhoea [8][29].
|
Australia
|
Leaves
|
Costatamins A-C [30].
|
Antidesma bunius (L.) Spreng. (Phyllanthaceae)
|
Indicated for headaches, colds, and fevers [23].
|
Vietnam
|
Leaves; fruits
|
Antidesoside, Podocarpusflavone A, Amentoflavone, Byzantionoside B, Roseoside [31].
|
Barringtonia racemosa (L.) Spreng. (Lecythidaceae)
|
Pulverized roots are applied to skin sores [21].
|
Bangladesh, China, India, Taiwan, and Vietnam
|
Stem bark; seeds; roots; leaves
|
Olean-18-en-3β-O-E-coumaroyl ester, Olean-18-en-3β-O-Z-coumaroyl ester, Germanicol, Germanicone, Betulinic acid, Lupeol, Taraxerol [32]; 3,3’-Dimethoxy ellagic acid, Dihydromyticetin, Gallic acid, Bartogenic acid, Stigmasterol [33][34]; Rutin [35][36]; Nasimalun A and B [37]; Barringtin D1-D3, and M1, Casuarictin, Tellimagrandin I, Valoneic acid dilactone, Schimawalin A [38]; Isoracemosol A, Racemosaceramide A, Racemosol A and E [34][39]; Barringtogenol C [34]; 3β-p-E-Coumaroymaslinic acid, cis-Careaborin, Careaborin, Maslinic acid, 2α,3β,19α-Trihydroxyolean-12-ene-24,28-dioic acid, 3β-p-Z-coumaroylcorosolic acid, Corosolic acid, 1α,2α,3β,19α-Tetrahydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, 19α-Hydroxyl ursolic acid, 3α,19α-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-24,28-dioic acid, Tormentic acid, 3-Hydroxy-7,22-dien-ergosterol [40]; Barringosides G-I [41].
|
Brasenia schreberi J.F.Gmel. (Combretaceae)
|
Astringent leaves are used for dysentery [21][42].
|
Canada
|
|
Quercetin-7-O-glucoside, Gallic acid [43].
|
Brucea javanica (L.) Merr. (Simaroubaceae)
|
Roots and leaves are used as analgesics [23].
|
China and Thailand
|
Aerial; seeds; roots
|
Brusatol [44]; Demethyl-dehydrobrusatol, Deacetyl-yadanzioside I, Javanicoside G, Yadanziolide C and E, Bruceine A-D and H, Bruceoside A-E, Yadanzioside C and I, Yadanzioside K and L, Dehydrobruceine B, Dehydro-bruceantinol, Deacetylated isobrucein B [45]; brujavanol A and B, bruceine, 11-dehydroklaineanone, 15β-hydroxyklaineanone, 14,15β-dihydroxyklaineanone, 15β-O-acetyl-14hydroxyklaieanone [46]
|
Calophyllum inophyllum L. (Calophyllaceae)
|
Nut kernel ground with red pigment is mixed with water and rubbed to ease body pain [21].
|
China, France, Fiji, French Polynesia, India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan, and Vietnam
|
Leaves; seeds; twigs; stems; roots
|
Inophinnin, Inophinone [47][48]; Inophyllin A, Friedelin, Stigmasterol [48][49][50]; Macluraxanthone, Pyranojacareubin, 4-Hydroxyxanthone, Betulinic acid, Inophyxanthone A, Pancixanthone A, Gerontoxanthone B, Jacareubin [48][51][52][53]; Inocalophyllin A and B [54]; Caloxanthone O and P [55]; Tamanolide, Tamanolide D, E1, E2, and P [56][57]; Calophyllolide [58][59]; 3β,23-epoxy-Friedelan-28-oic acid, Epifriedelanol, Canophyllal, Canophyllol, Canophyllic acid, 3-oxo-Friedelan-28-oic acid, Oleanolic acid, 3,4-Secofriedelan-3,28-dioic acid, 27-Hydroxyacetate canophyllic acid, 3-oxo-27-Hydroxyacetate friedelan-28-oic acid [50][60][61]; Caloxanthone Q, 2-Deprenylrheediaxanthone B, 6-Deoxyjacareubin [52][62]; 1,3,6,7-Tetrahydroxy-5-methoxy-4-(1′,1′-dimethyl-2′-propenyl)-8-(3″,3″-dimethyl-2″-propenyl)-xanthone, (2′S)-7-Hydroxycaloxanthone B, Caloxanthone A-C, 7-Prenyljacareubin, Daphnifolin, Tovopyrifolin C, 1,3,5-Trihydroxyxanthone, 2-Hydroxyxanthone [53]; Inophyllums G-1, G-2, and P [63]; Isocalophyllic acid, Amentoflavone [61][64]; 27-[(E)-p-Coumaroyloxy]canophyllic acid, 27-[(Z)-p-coumaroyloxy]canophyllic acid, Methyl shikimate, (3S,5R,6R,7E,9R)-3,5,6-Trihydroxy-β-ionyl-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Benzyl-O-α-l-rhanmopyranosyl (1→6)-β-d-glucopyranoside, Hexylrutinoside, Kaempferol-3-O-α-l-rhamnoside, 27-[(Z)-p-Coumaroyloxy]friedelin-28-carboxylic acid, (22E,24R)-24-Methyl-5α-cholesta-7,22-diene-3β,5,6β-triol, 3-oxo-Friedelan-28-oicacid [64]; trans-2-[2-(Trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-10b,10c-dimethyl-10b,10c-dihydropyrene, anti-4-aza-B-Homo-5α-cholestane-3-one [65].
|
Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. (Apiaceae)
|
Juice derived from the plant is taken orally or applied locally for non-specific ulcerations. Powered leaves mixed with lime are applied to sores on babies, and the plant is also indicated for skin diseases [21][23][42][66].
|
China, Japan, India, Madagascar, USA, and Vietnam
|
Whole plant
|
Asiaticoside, Asiaticoside C, F, G-I, 23-O-Acetyl madecassoside, Asiatic acid, Madecassic acid, Madecassoside, 23-O-Acetylasiaticoside B, Stigmasterol 3-O-β-glucoside, Quercetin 3-O-glucuronide [67][68][69][70][71][72]; Inositol, Centellose [69]; 4′-Hydroxyl-7-methoxyl-6-prenyl-3-O-trans-p-Coumaroyl-flavonol, (2R,3R,2′′S)-3-Furanoyl-brosimacutin E, Epigallocatechin 3-O-p-coumaroate, Pinobanksin-3-propanoate, Kaempferol, Pachypodol, Coryaurone A [71][73]; Asiaticoside B [70][74]; Isomadecassoside [75]; Quadranoside IV, Quercetin, Astragalin, Isoquercetrin [71]; Centelloside E-G, 11-oxo-Asiaticoside B, 11-oxo-Madecassoside, 11(β)-Methoxy asiaticoside B, 11(β)-Methoxy madecassoside, Centellasaponin A, Isoasiaticoside, Scheffoleoside A [70]; 2α,3β,20,23-Tetrahydroxyurs-28-oic acid [76]; Ursolic acid lactone, Ursolic acid, Pomolic acid, Epi-maslinic acid, Corosolic acid, Rosmarinic acid [72].
|
Centipeda minima (L.) A.Braun & Asch. (Asteraceae)
|
Infusion and decoction from the whole plant, along with other two species (C. cunninghamii and C. thespidioides) is used to wash eye inflammation due to conjunctiva and purulent ophthalmia [21][77].
|
China, Japan, Nepal, South Korea, and Thailand
|
Whole plant
|
Brevilin A [78][79]; Apigenin, Quercetin-3-Me-ether, Quercetin-3,3′-diMe-ether, Quercetin-3,7,3′-trimethyl-ether, Quercetin-3,7,3′,4′-tetramethyl-ether, Isobutyroylplenolin, Senecioylplenolin, Aurantiamide acetate, Tetrahydrohelenalin, α-Cyperone [80]; 6-O-Methylacrylylplenolin, 6-O-Isobutyroylplenolin, 6-O-Angeloylplenolin [81]; 2β-(Isobutyryloxy)florilenalin [82]; 2R,3R)-(+)-7,4′-di-O-Methyldihydrokaempferol, Iristectorin A, 4′,5,8-Trihydroxy-7-methoxyisoflavone, 3-Trimethoxyquercetin, 3-O-Caffeoyl-α-glueopyranose, 3-O-Caffeoyl-β-glucopyranose, Quercetin, Epipinoresinol, Hispidulin [83]; Minimaoside A and B [84]; Minimolides G and H [85]; Minimolide A-F, J-L, Cenminolide A, B, Centiplide A, (1S,2S,4R,5S,7R,8S,10R)-2α-Tigloyloxy-4α-angeloyloxyguaia- 11(13)-en-8α,12-olide, Centiplide C-I [79][86][87]; 8,10-Dihydroxy-9(2)-methylbutyryloxythymol, 10-Hydroxy-8,9-dioxyisopropylidene-thymol, 8,9,10-Trihydroxythymol, Thymol-β-glucopyranoside, 9-Hydroxythymol, 8,10-Dihydroxy-9-isobutyryloxythymol, 8-Hydroxy-9,10-diisobutyryloxythymol [88]; 4,5β-Dihydroxy-2β-(isobutyryloxy)-10βH-guai-11(13)-en-12,8β-olide, 4-Hydroxyguaia-9,11(13)-dien-12,8β-olide, 2β-(Isobutyryloxy) florilenalin, Pulchellin-2α-O-tiglate, Florilenalin-2α-O-tiglate [89]; Microhelenalin B and C, Arnicolides B-D, Helenalin-angelate, Helenalin-isovalerate, Helenalin-isobutyrate, Helenalin-3-methyl-2-butanoate, Minimolide E, Minimolide B, 2α-Methoxy-6α-angeloyl-2,3-helenalin [79]; Caloinophyllin A, Nobiletin, Quercetin pentamethyl ether, 3′,4′5,7-Tetramethoxyflavone, 4′,5,7-Trimethoxyflavone, 1,5-Dihydroxyxanthone, 1,8-Dimethoxy-2-hydroxyxanthone, 1,6-Dihydroxy-7-methoxyxanthone, 4-Methoxycaffeic acid [90].
|
Cleome viscosa L. (Cleomaceae)
|
The whole meshed plant is applied externally to relieve rheumatism, swellings, headaches, colds, ulcers, and open-sores; seeds are eaten to relieve fever and diarrhoea [8][21].
|
India, USA, Nigeria, and Vietnam
|
Seeds; aerial; leaves
|
Quercetin 3-O-(2″-acetyl)-glucoside [91]; Malabaric acid, Stigmast-4-en-3-one, Stigmast-4-ene-3,6-dione [92]; Cleomaldeic acid [93]; Lupeol [94]; Astragalin, Visconoside A-C, Vincetoxicoside A and B, Kaempferitrin, Kaempferide 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, Kaempferol 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside 7-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, Isorhamnetin 3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside [95][96]; Lactam nonanoic acid [97].
|
Clerodendrum inerme (L.) Gaertn. (Heliotropiaceae)
|
Crushed leaves and bark are applied on sores [21][23].
|
China, Egypt, India, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
|
Aerial; flowers; roots; leaves
|
3-Hydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxychalcone, 3,2′-Dihydroxy-3′,4′-dimethoxychalcone, 5-Hydroxy-7,8-dimethoxyflavone, Eucalyptin [98]; 2-(3-Methoxy-4-hydroxylphenyl) ethyl-O-2”,3”-diacetyl-α-l-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→3)-4-O-(E)-feruloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, monomelittoside, Melittoside, Inerminoside A1, Acteoside, Isoacteoside, Campneoside I [99][100][101]; 4α-Methyl-24β-ethyl-5α-cholesta-14,25-dien-3β-ol; 24β-Ethylcholesta-5,9(11),22E-trien-3β-ol; 11-Pentacosanone; 6-Nonacosanone, Clerodermic acid [102]; Inerminoside A-D [103][104]; Sammangaosides A-C, Leucosceptoside A, Decaffeoyl-acteoside, Darendoside B, Monomelittoside, Melittoside, (7S,8R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 9-O-β-glucopyranoside, (7S,8R)-Dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol 4-O-β-glucopyranoside, β-Glucopyranoside, β-(2′-O-β-Xylopyranosyl) glucopyranoside, Salidroside, (Z)-3-Hexenyl-β-glucopyranoside, 2,6-Dimethoxy-p-hydroquinone 1-O-β-glucopyranoside, Seguinoside K [101]; Lup-1,5,20(29)-trien-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside [100]; Octacosane, Friedelin, β-Amyrin [105]; Crolerodendrum A and B, Uncinatone, Harwickiic acid, Acacetin, Kaempferol 3,7,4′-trimethyl ether, 5α,8α-Epidioxyergosta-6,22-diene-3β-ol [106][107]; Inermes A and B, 14,15-Dihydro-15β-methoxy-3-epicaryoptin [108]; Hispidulin, Diosmetin [107].
|
Corymbia terminalis (F.Muell.) K.D.Hill & L.A.S.Johnson (Myrtaceae)
|
The plant is used for dysentery [109].
|
Australia
|
Gum
|
Cianidanol, Taxifolin, Aromadendrin, Farrerol [110].
|
Crinum pedunculatum R.Br. (Amaryllidaceae)
|
Crushed whole plant-rubbed on body parts stung by marine organism [21][23].
|
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
Dodonaea polyandra Merr. & L.M.Perry (Sapindaceae)
|
The plant is used for toothache, mouth inflammation, cuts, and open wounds [23].
|
Australia
|
Leaves; stems; leaf resins
|
Polyandric acid A [111]; 13,17-Epoxy-13-methyl-15-oxo-labda-7-ene, 17-Hydroxy-13-methyl-labda-7,13Z-diene-15-oic acid, 13-Methyl-17-oxo-labda-7,13Z-diene-15-oic acid, Labdane [112]; 15,16-Epoxy-8α-(benzoyloxy)methylcleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-18-oic acid, 15,16-Epoxy-8α-(benzoyloxy)methyl-2α-hydroxycleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-18-oic acid, 15,16-Epoxy-8α-(benzoyloxy)methyl-2-oxocleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-18-oic acid, 15,16-Epoxy-2α-benzoyloxycleroda-3,13(16),14-trien-18-oic acid [113]; 5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-3′(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-methoxy flavone, 5,7-Dihydroxy-3′(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3,4′-dimethoxy flavone, 5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-3′,5′(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3-methoxy flavone, 5,7,4′-Trihydroxy-3′,5′(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3,6-dimethoxy flavone, Viscosol, 5,4′-Dihydroxy-3,7-dimethoxyflavone [114].
|
Dodonaea viscosa (L.) Jacq. (Sapindaceae)
|
Leaves are chewed to relieve toothache; root juice is used as a mouthwash; leaf juice is used to heal stonefish and stingray wounds; root decoction is applied to wounds [21][26].
|
Cameroon, China, and Mexico
|
Stems; bark
|
Dodovisins A-F, Dodovisnoid E, (+)-hardwickiic acid, ent-15,16-Epoxy-1,3,13(16),14-clerodatetraen-18-oic acid, Hautriwaic lactone, Dodovisnoid G, Methyl-dodovisate B, 5α-Hydroxy-1,2-dehydro-5,10-dihydroprintziasaure-methylester, Strictic acid, Dodonolide [115]; Hautriwaic acid [116]; 2,18-Dihydroxylabda-7,13(E)-dien-15-oic acid, 5,7-Dihydroxy-3,6,4′-trimethoxy-3′-(4-hydroxy-3-methyl-but-2-enyl)flavone, 2,17-Dihydroxylabda-7,13(E)-dien-15-oic acid, 2-Hydroxylabda-7,13(E)-dien-15-oic acid, 3,6-Dimethoxy-5,7,4′-trihydroxyflavone, Penduletin, Santin [117].
|
Eleocharis dulcis (Burm.f.) Trin. ex Hensch. (Cyperaceae)
|
Whole plant infusion in saltwater (preferred for those growing in or near saltwater) is applied to wounds and sealed with a hollow stem of the same plant [118].
|
China
|
Whole plant; peel
|
6′-(4″-Hydroxy-3″-methoxy-phenylpropenyl)-1-(10-methoxy-phenylacetone)-1′-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Susaroyside A, Clausenaglycoside A-D, Emarginone A and B, Thoreliin B, 4-O-(1′,3′-Dihydroxypropan-2′-yl)-dihydroconiferyl alcohol 9-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, 2-[4-(3-Methoxy-1-propenyl)-2-methoxy-phenoxy]-propane-1,3-diol, 6′-O-(E-Cinnamoyl)-coniferin, Methyl 3-(2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-3,4,5,6-tetramethoxyphenyl) propanoate, 9-O-(E-Cinnamoyl)-coniferin, 6′-O-(E-Cinnamoyl)-syringin, 2′-O-(E-Cinnamoyl)-syringin [119].
|
Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. (Myrtaceae)
|
Gum (or kino) mixed with water is taken orally (recommended not more than 1.3 g of kino) against diarrhoea; infusion made from aerial parts is used for washing head to heal colds and fevers [21][120][121].
|
|
NA
|
NA
|
Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae)
|
A decoction from dried herb (whole plant) is used for deworming, dysentery, bowel problems, and colic warts [21][42].
|
India
|
Whole plant
|
Kaempferol, Rutin, Quercetin [122].
|
Euphorbia tirucalli L. (Euphorbiaceae)
|
The plant is known for healing skin cancer [23].
|
China
|
Aerial; latex
|
12-O-(2E,4E,6E,8E-Tetradecatetraenoyl)-13-O-isobutyroyl-4β-deoxyphorbol, 13-O-acetyl-12-O-(2Z,4E-Octadienoyl)-4β-deoxyphorbol, Pedilstatin, 4β-Deoxy-phorbol-13-acetate, 4α-deoxy-phorbol-13-acetate, 3-O-(2,4,68-Tetradecatetraenoyl) ingenol [123].
|
Excoecaria agallocha L. (Euphorbiaceae)
|
Toxic juice from this plant is applied externally to relieve painful punctures caused by marine organisms, such as the sharp spines of some fish. Infusion from the bark is rubbed against body pain [21][23].
|
Australia, China, India, Japan, and Vietnam
|
Leaves; stems; resinous wood; roots; twigs; bark
|
12-Deoxyphorbol 13-(3E,5E-decadienoate) [124]; Excoecarins R1 and R2 [125]; 3α,11β-Dihydroxy-ent-isopimara-8(14),15-dien-2-one, 16β-Hydroxy-ent-atisan-3-one, Ribenone, ent-labda-8(17),13E-diene-3β,15-diol, ent-3β-Hydroxybeyer-15-ene-2,12-dione [126]; Excoecarins S, T1-T2, ent-12-oxo-2,3-Secobeyer-15-ene-2,3-dioic acid, ent-15-epoxy-Beyerane-3α-ol, Agallochin H [127]; Excoecarins V1—V3, 3,5,7,3′,5′-Pentahydroxy-2R,3R-flavanonol 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, ent-Atisane-16α-ol, ent-2,3-Secobeyer-15-ene-2,3-dioic acid, ent-15,18-Dihydroxybezoate, 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenol 1-O-β-d-(6-galloyl)-glucopyranoside [128]; 3β-[(2E,4E)-5-oxo-Decadienoyloxy]-olean-12-ene, β-Amyrin acetate, Taraxerone, 3-Epitaraxerol, Epilupeol, Taraxerol, Taraxerone, 3β-[(2E,4E)-6-oxo-Decadienoyloxy]-olean-12-ene, Acetyl aleuritolic acid, Cycloart-22-ene-3β,25-diol, β-Sitostenone, (24R)-24-Ethylcholesta-4,22-dien-3-one, β-Sitosterol [129][130]; Excoagallochaols A–E [131]; Agallochins A-E [132][133]; Excoecarins D, E, and K [134]; Agallochins J-L [133][135]; Agallochins F-I, 2-Acetoxy-1,15-beyeradiene-3,12-dione, 2-Hydroxy-1,15-beyeradiene-3,12-dione, ent-kauran-16β-ol-3-one [127][133][136]; Excoecariphenols A-D [137]; Agallochaols K–P, Agallochaol Q, ent-17-Hydroxykaur-15-en-3-one, ent-Kaur-15-en-3β,17-diol, 7-Deoxogeayine, ent-15-Hydroxylabd-8(17),13E-dien-3-one, ent-15,18-Dihydroxylabd-8(17),13E-diene, ent-3β,11α-Dihydroxyisopimara-8(14),15-dien-2-one, ent-3β-Hydroxybeyer-15-en-2,12-dione [138]; ent-16α-Hydroxy-atisane-3,4-lactone, ent-16α-Hydroxy-atisane-3-one, ent-Atisane-3β,16α-diol, ent-3,4-seco-16α-Hydroxyatis-4(19)-en-3-oic acid [139]; Triacontane [140]; Agallochins M-P [138][141][142]; Excagallonoid A, ent-(3α,5β,8α,9β,10α,12α)-3-Hydroxyatis-16-en-14-one, Atis-16-ene-3,14-dione, 2-Hydroxy-atis-1,16-diene-3,14-dione, 12-Hydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-trien-3-one [143]; Excolides A-B [144]; Afzelin, Quercitrin, Rutin, Kaempferol-3-O-(2-O-acetyl)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, Kaempferide 3-O-α-l-rhamnopyranoside, Kaempferol 3-O-α-l-arabinofuranoside [145]; Agallolides A-M [146]
|
Flueggea virosa (Roxb. ex Willd.) Royle (Phyllanthaceae)
|
An aqueous leaf infusion is taken orally to heal internal pains, such as toothache; the liquid is applied to skin sores [21][147].
|
China and Taiwan
|
Aerial; roots
|
Flueggether A, Virosinine A [148]; Flueggenines A, B, and D, Norsecurinine [149][150][151]; Flueggines A and B [152]; Fluevirosines A-C [153]; Virosaines A and B [150][154]; 3β,12-Dihydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-6,8,11,13-tetraene, 3β,12-Dihydroxy-13-methylpodocarpa-8,11,13-triene, Spruceanol, ent-3β,12α-Dihydroxypimara-8(14),15-diene, 3α-Hydroxy-12-methoxy-13-methyl-entpodocarp-6,8,11,13-tetraene, 3α-Hydroxy-13-hydroxymethyl-12-methoxy-ent-podocarp-6,8,11,13-tetraene, 3β-Hydroxy-13-hydroxymethyl-12-methoxy-ent-podocarp-6,8,11,13-tetraene, 12-Hydroxy-13-methylent-podocarp-6,8,11,13-tetraen-3-one, 12-Methoxy-13-methyl-ent-podocarp-6,8,11,13-tetraen-3-one, 6β,12-Dihydroxy-13-methyl-ent-podocarp-8,11,13-trien-3-one, 7α,20-Epoxy-3α-hydroxy-12-methoxy-13-methyl-ent-podocarp-8,11,13-triene, 3α,20-Epoxy-3β-hydroxy-12-methoxy-13-methyl-ent-podocarp-8,11,13-triene [155][156]; Fluvirosaones A and B, Virosecurinine [151][157]; 9(10→20)-Abeo-ent-podocarpane; 3,10-Dihydroxy-12-methoxy-13-methyl-9(10→20)-abeo-ent-podocarpa-6,8,11,13-tetraene; 4E-Dehydrochebulic acid trimethyl ester; 12-Hydroxy-20(10→5)-abeo-4,5-seco-podocarpa-5(10),6,8,11,13-pentaen-3-one; Betulinic acid 3β-calfeate, (+)-Ampelosin E [156]; Flueggrenes A and B [158]; Flueggenoids A–E, 6,12-Dihydroxy-13-methyl-7-oxo-ent-podocarpa−5,8,11,13-tetraeno-20,3α-lactone; 10α,12-Dihydroxy-13-methyl-9(10→20)-abeo-ent-podocarpa−6,8,11,13-tetraen-3-one; 12-Hydroxy-20(10→5)-abeo-4,5-seco-podocarpa-5(10),6,8,11,13-pentaen-3-one; Securinine, Bergenin, Norbergenin [150]; Fluevirines E and F, Viroallosecurinine [151]; Flueindolines A–C, Donaxanine, Methyltryptamine, N,N-Dimethyltryptamine, 1-Acetyl-β-carboline, 1-Hydroxymethyl-β-carboline, N-Methyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-β-carboline, Strychnocarpine, Racemate, Hydromethyl-2-methyl-tetrahydro-β-carboline [159].
|
Heliotropium ovalifolium Forss (Heliotropiaceae)
|
Herb extract is used to relieve fevers [160].
|
India, Egypt, and Zimbabwe
|
Aerial
|
Heliophenanthrone [161]; Retronecine, Helifoline [162]; Supinine, 7-Angelyl-heliotridine [163]; 4,7,8-Trimethoxy-naphthalene-2-carboxylic acid, 6-Hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxy-naphthalene-2-carbaldehyde [164]; Heliotropamide [165].
|
Hibiscus tiliaceus L. (Malvaceae)
|
Infusions from bark and sapwood (with salt or freshwater) are applied to wounds and covered with the bark of the same plant [21][118].
|
China, Japan, and Taiwan
|
Stem; wood; bark
|
Hibiscusin, Hibiscusamide, Vanillic acid, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, Syringic acid, 4-Hydroxybenzaldehyde, Scopoletin, N-trans-Feruloyltyramine, N-cis-Feruloyltyramine [166]; 27-oic-3-oxo-28-Friedelanoic acid, 3α-Hydroxyfriedelane-2-one, 4α-Hydroxyfriedelane-3-one, Friedelin, Epifriedelanol, Pachysandiol A, 3β-O-(p-Hydroxy-Z-cinnamoyl)oleanolic acid, 3β-O-(p-hydroxy-E-cinnamoyl)oleanolic acid, oleanolic acid [167]; Hibiscusterpene I-V, Hibiscone B and C, Isohemigossypol-1-methyl ether, Virginicin, Parvifloral A, Syriacusin A [168].
|
Ipomoea brasiliensis (L.) Sweet (I. pes-caprae (L.) R. Br.) (Combretaceae)
|
Leaves decoction is applied externally for sores; the heated leaves are used to discharge boils [21][23].
|
China, India, Mexico, and Thailand
|
Whole plant
|
Pescapreins X-XVII [169]; β-Damascenone, Phytol [170]; Pescaproside A and B, Pescapreins I-IX, Stoloniferin III [171]; Ipomeolides A and B, Presqualene alcohol, Icosyl (E)-3-(4-hydroxyphenyl)acrylate, β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Stigmasterol, Lupeol [172].
|
Litsea glutinosa (Lour.) C.B.Rob. (Heliotropiaceae)
|
Leaves and bark decoctions are applied to sores and to relieve body pain; sometimes, chewed leaves are applied to cuts and sores [21][23][26].
|
China and India
|
Leaves; twigs; heartwood
|
Glutin, β-sitosterol, Stigmasterol, (−)-Epicatechin, Sitosterol-β-d-glucopyranoside [173]; (3R,4S,5S)-2-Hexadecyl-3-hydroxy-4-methylbutanolide, Litsealactone C, D, and G, Eusmoside C [174].
|
Macaranga tanarius (L.) Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)
|
The plant is known for wound healing [175].
|
Japan, Taiwan, Thailand, and Vietnam
|
Bark; leaves; fruits; glandular trichomes
|
(2β,5β,10α,13α)-2-Hydroxypimara-9(11),15-dien-12-one, Methyl 2α-hydroxy-3β-[(4-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]taraxer-14-en-28-oate, 2α-Acetoxy-3β-[(4-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]-taraxer-14-en-28-oic acid, β-Sitosterol, Friedelin, Friedelin-3β-ol, β-Amyline, Macarangonol, 3β-Acetoxytaraxer-14-en-28-oic acid, 2α-Hydroxy-3β-[(4-hydroxybenzoyl)oxy]taraxer-14-en-28-oic acid [176]; (+)-Pinoresinol 4-O-[6″-O-galloyl]-β-d-glucopyranoside, Roseoside, Icariside B5, (6R,9R)-3-oxo-α-ionol β-d-glucoside, (6R,9S)-3-oxo-α-Ionol β-d-glucoside, (2S,3R)-Dihydrodehydrodiconiferyl alcohol β-d-glucoside, (+)-Pinoresinol 4-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Scopoline, Rutin, Quercetin 3-O-galactopyranoside, Quercetin 3-O-arabinopyranoside, Isovitexin, Methyl gallate, Hexenyl β-d-glucoside, (E)-2-Hexenyl β-d-glucoside, Malloapeltine [177]; Macarangiosides A-F, Mallophenol B, Lauroside E [178]; Tanariflavanones A-D [177][179][180]; Macaflavanones A-G, Kolavenol [181]; 3′-Geranyl-naringenin [182]; Nymphaeol A-C, Isonymphaeol B, 3′-Geranyl naringenin [179][180][181][182][183]; Macatanarin D, Schweinfurthins E-H, and K-Q,5-((E)-3,5-Dihydroxystyryl)-3-((E)-3,7-dimethylocta-2,6-dien-1-yl)benzene-1,2-diol [184]; Tanarifuranonol, Vomifoliol, Blumenol B, vedelianin, mappain, methyl-mappain [180][185].
|
Manihot esculenta Crantz (Euphorbiaceae)
|
The plant is known to be effective against belly aches and diarrhoea [175].
|
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. (Myrtaceae)
|
The plant is known to be effective against headache, sinusitis, cough and colds, and skin sores [21][23].
|
Egypt
|
Essential oil
|
Stachyurin (or casuarinin), Ellagitannin [186].
|
Merremia tridentata (L.) Hallier f. (Combretaceae)
|
The whole plant is chewed or soaked in the water before applying it to the sores [109].
|
Vietnam
|
Stem bark
|
Apigenin, Cynaroside, Luteolin, Cosmosiin, Quercitrin [187].
|
Morinda citrifolia L. (Rubiaceae)
|
Leaves extract used to ease headaches [42][188].
|
French Polynesia and Japan
|
Fruits
|
(+)-3,4,3′,4′-Tetrahydroxy-9,7′α-epoxylignano-7α,9′-lactone, (+)-3,3′-Bisdemethyltanegool, (−)-Pinoresinol, (−)-3,3″-Bisdemethylpinoresinol, Quercetin, Kaempferol, Scopoletin, Isoscopoletin, Vanillin [189]; 1,5,15-Tri-O-methylmorindol, 2-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-hexanoyl-β-d-gluropyranose, 2-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-octanoyl-β-d-gluropyranose, 5,15-Di-O-methylmorindol, 1,3-Dihydroxy-2-methoxyanthracene-9,10-dione, 6-O-(β-d-Glucopyranosyl)-1-O-hexanoyl-β-d-glucopyranose, 6-O-(β-d-glucopyranosyl)-1-O-octanoyl-β-d-glucopyranose, 2,6-Di-O-(β-d-Glucopyranosyl)-1-O-hexanoyl-β-d-glucopyranose, 3-Methylbut-3-enyl-β-d-glucopyranose, 3-Methylbut-3-enyl-6-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranose, Asperulosidic acid, Rutin [190][191]; Nonioside A, (2E,4E,7Z)-deca-2,4,7-trienoate-2-O-β-d-glucopyranosyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, Tricetin [191].
|
Nauclea orientalis (L.) L. (Rubiaceae)
|
Aqueous bark infusion is used for sore belly; it is also applied externally to relieve rheumatic pains; the wood infusion is used for relieving fevers [23][77].
|
China, Japan, Laos, Papua New Guinea, Thailand, and Vietnam
|
Heartwood; bark; leaves; stems; roots;
|
Noreugenin, Naucleoside [192]; Angustine, 18,19-Dihydroangustine, 10-Hydroxyangustine, 3,14,18,19-Tetrahydroangustine, Parvine, Angustoline [193]; Nauclealines A and B, Naucleosides A and B, Strictosamide, Vincosamide, Pumiloside, Kelampayoside A, β-Sitosterol, Sitosteryl β-d-glucoside [194][195]; Naucleaorals A and B [196]; 10-Hydroxystrictosamide, 6′-O-Acetylstrictosamide [195]; α-Pinene, Loganetin, Loganin, Sweroside, Grandifloroside, Methyl 3,4-dihydroxybenzoate, 4-Hydroxycinnamic acid, 3-(2,4-Dihydroxylphenyl)propanoic acid, Methyl 3-(2,4-dihydroxylphenyl)propanoate, Skimmin, Adicardin, Aloe emodin, Pinoresinol [197]; Naucleaorine, Epimethoxynaucleaorine, Strictosidine lactam, 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenol, 3α-Hydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid methyl ester, 3α,23-Dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid, 3α,19α,23-Trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid methyl ester, Oleanolic acid [198]; Nauclorienine, Antirhine, Iso-antirhine, Alangine, Naucline, Neonaucline, Angustidine, Subditine [199].
|
Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn. (Nelumbonaceae)
|
Milky juice from leaves is used against diarrhoea [42].
|
China, India, and Japan
|
Flowers; rhizome; leaves; seed embryo
|
2α,24-Diacetoxy-3β-hydroxyolean-12-en-28-oic acid, Hyptatic acid A, Maslinic acid, Botulin, Lupeol [200]; (R)-Coclaurine, (S)-norcoclaurine, Quercetin 3-O-β-d-glucuronide [201]; Neferine [202][203]; Liensinine, Isoliensinine [204]; Betulinic acid [205].
|
Ochrosia elliptica Labill. (Apocynaceae)
|
Bark is known to be good for dysentery [188].
|
China and Egypt
|
Stems and leaves
|
10-Methoxyconolidine, Apparicine, Vallesamine, Yunnanensine A, Angustilodine, Isositsirikine, (−)-Echitainine, Pseudo akuammigine [206]; Ursolic acid [207][208]; Ellipticine, elliptinine, methoxyellipticine, reserpiline (elliptine) [209].
|
Ocimum tenuiflorum L. (Heliotropiaceae)
|
The plant is used to relieve fevers [210].
|
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
Phyllanthus urinaria L. (Phyllanthaceae)
|
The plant is used against colds [109][188].
|
China and Taiwan
|
Whole plant
|
Phyllanthin, Phyltetralin, Trimethyl-3,4-dehydrochebulate, Methylgallate, Rhamnocitrin, Methyl brevifolincarboxylate, β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside, Quercitrin, Rutin [211]; Geraniin [212]; Corilagin, Ellagic acid [213].
|
Phragmites australis (Cav.) Trin. ex Steud. (Plantaginaceae)
|
The plant is used to treat sore throat [214][215].
|
China
|
Roots
|
N-p-Coumaroyl serotonin, N-p-Coumaroyl-trypamine, phranisines A-B [216].
|
Sarcostemma viminale (L.) R. Br (Apocynaceae)
|
The plant is indicated for skin sores and eye complaints [217].
|
NA
|
NA
|
NA
|
Scaevola taccada (Gaertn.) Roxb. (Euphorbiaceae)
|
Leaves decoction is applied externally to skin sores [8][23].
|
Thailand
|
Fruits
|
Scataccanol, ent-ammirin, Nodachenetin, Marmesin, Xanthyletin, Umbelliferone, 4-Formylsyringol, 6-Hydroxy-7-methyl-1-oxo-4-carbomethoxy octahydrocyclopenta[c]pyran, Loganetin, Matairesinol, 2-(4-Hydroxyphenyl) 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)-2-propenoate [218].
|
Scoparia dulcis L. (Plantaginaceae)
|
Leaves infusion is taken orally to heal stomach pain; the pulped whole plant is used for covering sores and cuts to enhance healing [23].
|
Bangladesh and Brazil
|
Whole plant
|
Glutinol [219]; Scoparinol [220]; iso-dulcinol, 4-epi-scopadulcic acid B, dulcidiol, scopanolal, dulcinol, and scopadiol [221].
|
Terminalia catappa L. (Combretaceae)
|
The plant is indicated for sore throat [175].
|
China and New Caledonia
|
Leaves; bark
|
Ursolic acid, 2,3,23-Trihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid [222]; 3,4,5-Trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-(4-sulfo)-β-d-glucopyranoside, Chebuloside II, Arjunoglucoside II, Arjunolic acid, Betulinic acid, β-Sitosterol-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside [223].
|
Terminalia muelleri Benth. (Combretaceae)
|
The plant is indicated for skin sores [175].
|
Egypt
|
Leaves
|
Apigenin-8-C-(2″-O-galloyl) glucoside 1, Luteolin-8-C-(2″-O-galloyl) glucoside 2, 1-O-Galloyl-2,3,4,6-dihexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, 1,4,6-Tri-O-galloyl-2,3-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, 1,2-Di-O-galloyl-4,6-hexahydroxydiphenoyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, Isostrictinin, 1-O-Galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, Combretum caffrum, Ellagic acid, Gallic acid [224][225]; Isoorientin, Vitexin, Chebulinic acid [225].
|
Verbena officinalis L. (Verbenaceae)
|
A decoction made from the whole plant is applied externally to overcome fever and rheumatic pain [21][42][226].
|
China and India
|
Aerial
|
3,4-Dihydroverbenalin, Daucosterol [227]; Ursolic acid [228]; Verbenalin, Hastatoside, Acteoside, β-sitosterol-d-glucoside [229].
|