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在开放式创新平台中，用户通过网络交互学习外部知识，其在交互网络中的位置对用户的可持续知识贡献有影响。由于知识水平的差距，用户对外部知识的吸收和利用效率并不一致。
- open innovation platform
- knowledge absorption
- sustainable knowledge contribution
一、简介
随着信息经济的快速发展，产品用户的角色已经从被动的产品接收者转变为主动的价值共同创造者[ 1 ]。为了利用这些用户创新，越来越多的公司建立了一个开放的创新平台（OIP）来收集用户的想法[ 2 ]。开放式创新由 Chesbrough [ 3 ] 提出，其中心思想是将知识众包给公众 [ 4 ]；也就是说，用户群体参与创造性的任务并协作产生创新的想法[ 5 ]。开放式创新平台是企业发起的以互联网为媒介的平台，主要目的是为企业和终端用户提供一个互动的空间。6、7 ]。_ 用户通过 OIP 为公司贡献知识。企业获取大量外部知识，以较低的成本发展知识和技能，提高企业创新绩效[ 8 ]。OIP的运营也存在一些问题，用户贡献的点子数量不足。一些 OIP 甚至已经关闭，例如戴尔的 IdeaStorm 和星巴克的 My Starbucks。因此，提高用户活力，促进用户创意贡献是学术界和企业共同研究的课题。
知识的学习和创造发生在个人层面，因此有效管理和合理利用个人知识对于企业的可持续发展至关重要[ 9 ]。在 OIP 中，用户交互是用户获取外部知识的主要方式 [ 10 , 11 ]，而用户的网络位置对于可持续的知识贡献非常重要 [ 12 ]]。从社交网络分析的角度来看，现有研究认为，在网络中处于更好的位置，可以获得更多更好的平台知识。但是，不同的学者对网络位置有不同的判断。在社交网络视角下的交互特征上，学者认为网络位置较好的用户可以获得更多的外部知识，从而提供更多的贡献；但是，不同的学者对更好的网络位置有不同的定义。例如，彭等人。相信广泛的联系会带来更多的知识，从而促进用户可持续的知识贡献[ 13]，而 Garriga 等人。相信整合广泛网络连接的知识会导致协调困难并降低用户贡献知识的动机[ 14 ]。弗里曼等人。认为网络的深度嵌入有助于用户更快地掌握平台知识的各个方面[ 15 ]，而唐认为如果用户的网络嵌入过深，用户探索新知识的欲望就会降低[ 16 ]]。其可能的原因是这些研究隐含地假设用户通过网络位置获取的知识可以被自动吸收，即知识获取等同于知识吸收。以前关于 OIP 的文献已经从社交网络的角度指出了网络位置对于知识贡献的重要性，但很少关注用户知识吸收的重要性。
根据知识吸收理论，内部知识构成个体知识吸收能力的基础，反映了吸收外部知识的能力[ 16 ]。内部知识的有效共享和整合是知识吸收的关键[ 17]。因此，对于不同知识水平的用户，网络位置对可持续知识贡献的影响可能不同，因为不同知识水平的用户在吸收和使用外部知识方面的效率不同。仅考察网络位置对用户可持续知识贡献行为的影响，而忽略用户的知识水平是否能够吸收通过网络位置获得的外部知识，可能会对用户可持续知识贡献的感知产生不准确的影响。因此，从知识吸收的角度研究用户可持续的知识贡献就显得尤为重要。从知识吸收理论的角度来看，研究人员探讨了 OIP 用户的知识吸收能力在网络位置对知识贡献的影响中的作用。用户的网络位置提供了超越其知识边界的外部知识的获取途径，内部知识的高低反映了用户吸收外部知识的能力。
2. 网络位置对用户可持续知识贡献的影响
社会学习理论认为，社会成员在他人的影响下会产生学习行为，这种影响可能是直接互动，也可能是间接观察[ 37 ]。在 OIP 中，用户可以通过与其他用户互动来增加他们的技能储备，从而增强创造力并促进可持续的知识贡献。OIP 中的交互创建网络关系以获取外部知识。在本文中，网络广度是指用户与其他用户之间的联系程度，网络深度是指在平台交互网络中的嵌入程度。
网络广度是指用户通过网络连接获得的知识范围。通过交互网络，用户可以直接与网络中的其他用户联系，获取其他用户的外部知识。社会资本理论表明，一个人的关系网络中所有知识资源的集合可以强烈影响人际知识共享的程度[ 38 ]。知识对于创新非常重要，但获取成本非常高。OIP 成员之间的互动为获取更广泛的知识来源提供了一种具有成本效益的方式。用户的社交互动越多，信息交流的强度、频率和广度就越大[ 39]。用户在网络上的连接越多，他们在创新过程中可以访问的创新资源和外部信息就越多。与其他用户的创新知识交流越多，创新绩效可能就越高[ 40 ]。广泛的网络连接可以为用户提供新的见解，减少认知工作，并提高新知识的创造率[ 13 ]。
Network depth refers to the contact distance with other users in the interactive network, that is, the degree of embeddedness in the network. In other words, network depth means the distance from a user to other users connected directly or indirectly in the network. When deeply embedded in the network, users can quickly access relevant information. However, an excessively embedded network will cause users to access redundant information, which limits their ability to effectively explore new knowledge in the network [41]. Proximity to other users’ network locations may cause similar or redundant information loops, confining users to their perceptions. This kind of cognitive lock-in may inhibit users’ motivation to explore new knowledge from external networks and hinder their motivation to continue to innovate, resulting in a decline in sustainable knowledge contribution. When the user is deeply embedded in the network, the user’s motivation to explore new ideas and create new knowledge from the network will be weakened. As old knowledge becomes obsolete, users further lose their motivation to continue to innovate, which hinders their sustainable knowledge contribution [16].
3. The Influence of Knowledge Diversity on User’s Sustainable Knowledge Contribution
Knowledge diversity refers to the abundance of individual knowledge, experience, and skills, and is a measure of the user’s internal knowledge level [42]. The collection of knowledge elements owned by each individual and the relationship between these collections constitute a personal knowledge base. Innovation is the process of reorganizing the knowledge elements in the knowledge base [43]. In an OIP, users have different professional levels and experience, and each person’s knowledge inventory is also different, and there is a gap in their innovative ability. Users with diverse knowledge are more able to promote knowledge transfer and sharing [44]. According to Nonaka’s research, diverse knowledge will stimulate users’ innovative thinking and produce more practical ideas [21].
Users with different knowledge levels have different motivations to contribute to their knowledge. Generally speaking, users with low knowledge levels only contribute knowledge to obtain platform rewards, whereas users with high levels not only gain platform revenue but also gain new knowledge [44]. According to the theory of planned behavior, in an OIP, users’ perception and control of knowledge creation are determined by their knowledge level. If users do not have enough knowledge, even if they have the willingness to create new knowledge, they will not undergo sustainable knowledge contribution behavior [45]. In other words, the willingness to innovate alone is not enough, and the knowledge and ability to support the generation of innovation is also required [46]. In an OIP, users need a series of knowledge related to products and services to propose ideas.
4. Difference Analysis of Knowledge Absorption Effect to User Sustainable Knowledge Contribution
Absorptive capacity is the ability to recognize, digest, transform, and develop and utilize knowledge. Cognitive and behavioral science research shows that absorbing knowledge is the process of using the knowledge through the evaluation of external knowledge, establishing connections with pre-concepts, and associating existing knowledge after possessing internal knowledge [16]. The process of interactive digestion of external knowledge and internal knowledge is the process of knowledge absorption. The knowledge absorption effect expresses the degree of utilization of knowledge after the interaction between internal knowledge and external knowledge [16]. For OIP users, based on existing internal knowledge, they can use external knowledge by establishing network connections with other users.
According to cognitive load theory, each user’s attention is limited. When internal knowledge is highly diversified, the value of acquiring external knowledge may be more limited, because a wealth of internal knowledge can provide enough new perspectives. The high network breadth will increase the cost for users to integrate knowledge from different sources. This diverse external knowledge may collide with the existing internal knowledge, resulting in difficult coordination [47]. When users accept a wide range of external knowledge, the direction of internal knowledge may be the opposite. Users need to spend more time and energy to coordinate this knowledge, which will significantly reduce the speed of the sustainable knowledge contribution. For users with a high level of knowledge, an extensive network may also increase the complexity of the integration of internal and external knowledge, which reduces the level of user knowledge absorption and leads to a decrease in user sustainable knowledge contribution [48]. For users with low knowledge levels, extensive network connections can help users obtain more external knowledge, and the problem of insufficient internal knowledge can be alleviated through extensive external knowledge.
Deeply embedded networks can obtain overall network information more easily and quickly, and achieve better performance with “less information transmission, shorter time, and lower cost” [15]. The extensive knowledge base helps users evaluate development trends from different perspectives. When deeply embedded in the network, users can quickly develop the best knowledge about technological trends and related expertise [15,16]，并获得最佳发展方向。虽然过度的网络嵌入可能会导致用户的知识冗余，但对于知识水平高、知识多样的用户来说，他们广泛的知识和多角度的思维可以缓解这种认知锁定。深度嵌入网络，帮助用户更好更快地了解OIP网络的整体状况，掌握最新动向[ 16]。知识距离越小，知识接受者吸收知识所采取的中间步骤就越少，知识吸收的效率就会提高。对于知识水平较高的用户，通过快速获取外部知识，了解最有前景的发展方向，积累多元化的知识，可以更快地创造出更多的新知识。对于知识水平较低的用户，基于内部知识不足，在网络中深度嵌入会使情况变得更糟。多余的外部知识只能限制他们思维的发展，不利于他们可持续的知识贡献。
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su14116536
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