Encyclopedia
The purpose of this entry was to summarize human intervention trials that investigated the effects of linoleic acid consumption on lipid risk markers for CVD in healthy individuals. It also provided mechanistic details, and dietary recommendations for linoleic acid. Future research directions were also discussed.
- cardiovascular disease
- linoleic acid
- lipoproteins
- intervention trial
1. Introduction
Linoleic acid (LA), an essential omega-6 (or n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)[1][2][3]. For example, it has been suggested that replacement of saturated fat with LA decreases serum cholesterol, but does not decrease the risk of death from coronary heart disease (CHD)[4]. Additionally, there has been concern that consuming high amounts of LA may increase the risk of inflammation[5].
2. Sources
2.1. Oil Sources
Table 1. Oil sources of linoleic acid (per 100 g) 1.
|
Oils |
Energy (Kcal) |
Total Lipid (g) |
Linoleic Acid (g) |
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (g) |
Total Saturated Fat (g) |
|
Canola oil |
884 |
100 |
18.6 |
9.14 |
7.37 |
|
Corn oil |
900 |
100 |
53.5 |
1.16 |
13.0 |
|
Cottonseed oil |
884 |
100 |
51.9 |
0.20 |
25.9 |
|
Grapeseed oil |
884 |
100 |
69.6 |
0.10 |
9.60 |
|
Olive oil |
884 |
100 |
9.76 |
0.76 |
13.8 |
|
Peanut oil |
884 |
100 |
32.0 |
0.00 |
16.9 |
|
Safflower oil |
884 |
100 |
12.7 |
0.10 |
7.54 |
|
Sesame oil |
884 |
100 |
41.3 |
0.30 |
14.2 |
|
Soybean oil |
884 |
100 |
51.0 |
6.79 |
15.7 |
|
Sunflower oil |
884 |
100 |
65.7 |
0.00 |
10.3 |
|
Walnut oil |
884 |
100 |
52.9 |
10.4 |
9.10 |
1 Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Data Central[6].
2.2. Food sources
Table 2. Food sources of linoleic acid (per 1 ounce [28.3495 g]) 1.
|
Food Sources |
Energy (Kcal) |
Total Lipid (g) |
Linoleic Acid (g) |
Alpha-Linolenic Acid (g) |
Total Saturated Fat (g) |
|
Almonds |
164 |
14.2 |
3.49 |
0.001 |
1.08 |
|
Brazil nuts |
185 |
18.8 |
6.82 |
0.01 |
4.52 |
|
Cashews |
157 |
12.4 |
2.21 |
0.018 |
2.21 |
|
Pecans |
196 |
20.4 |
5.85 |
0.28 |
1.75 |
|
Pine nuts |
191 |
19.4 |
9.4 |
0.046 |
1.39 |
|
Pistachios |
159 |
12.8 |
4.0 |
0.082 |
1.68 |
|
Pumpkin seeds |
163 |
13.9 |
5.55 |
0.031 |
2.42 |
|
Sesame seeds |
159 |
13.4 |
5.78 |
0.102 |
1.88 |
|
Sunflower seeds |
165 |
14.1 |
9.29 |
0.02 |
1.48 |
|
Walnuts |
185 |
18.5 |
10.8 |
2.57 |
1.74 |
1 Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Food Data Central[6].
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nu12082329
References
- Jandacek, R.J. Linoleic acid: A nutritional quandary. Healthcare 2017, 5, 25.
- Harris, W.S.; Mozaffarian, D.; Rimm, E.; Kris-Etherton, P.; Rudel, L.L.; Appel, L.J.; Engler, M.M.; Engler, M.B.; Sacks, F. Omega-6 fatty acids and risk for cardiovascular disease: A science advisory from the American heart association nutrition subcommittee of the council on nutrition, physical activity, and metabolism; council on cardiovascular nursing; and council on epidemiology and prevention. Circulation 2009, 119, 902–907.
- Vannice, G.; Rasmussen, H. Position of the academy of nutrition and dietetics: Dietary fatty acids for healthy adults. J. Acad. Nutr. Diet. 2014, 114, 136–153.
- Christopher E Ramsden; Daisy Zamora; Sharon Majchrzak-Hong; Keturah R Faurot; Steven K Broste; Robert P Frantz; John M Davis; Amit Ringel; Chirayath M Suchindran; Joseph R Hibbeln; et al. Re-evaluation of the traditional diet-heart hypothesis: analysis of recovered data from Minnesota Coronary Experiment (1968-73). BMJ 2016, 353, 1246, 10.1136/bmj.i1246.
- Jay Whelan; Kevin Fritsche; Linoleic Acid1. Advances in Nutrition: An International Review Journal 2013, 4, 311-312, 10.3945/an.113.003772.
- U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Food Data Central. Available online: https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/ (accessed on 15 June 2020).
