Blockchain is a technology that is increasingly used in the modern world. Its creator is Satoshi Nakamoto, who in 2008 used this technology in cryptocurrencies.
Category | Benchmarks | Description |
---|---|---|
LIFE CYCLE STAGES | Whole life cycle | Benchmark is a value for the whole life cycle of the building. |
Life cycle phase | Benchmark is a value for individual life cycle phases. | |
LEVELS OF VALUES | Lowest acceptable value | The limit value is defined as the lowest acceptable value. |
Present state of the art | The average or median values of the present state of the art. | |
Best-practice value | The best-practice value that has been reached in building projects. | |
TOP-DOWN OR BOTTOM-UP | Top-down | Benchmarks are defined based on political targets. |
Bottom-up | Most of the existing benchmarks are derived from theoretical values. | |
ABSOLUTE OR RELATIVE VALUES | Absolute values | Benchmarks are defined as fixed values. |
Relative values | Internal benchmarks are defined according to a reference building. | |
WHOLE BUILDINGS OR BUILDING ELEMENTS | Whole building | Benchmarks are for the whole building. |
Building elements | Benchmarks are for the individual building elements. |
Impact Category | Indicator | Unit | Referecne Method | Conversion Factors |
---|---|---|---|---|
CLIMATE CHANGE | Global warming potential for time horizon 100 years | kg CO2 eq | CML | Non Specified: 1 TRACI:1.012 IMPACT 2002+: 1.048 ReCiPe: 0.983 |
ENERGY DEPLETION | Abiotic depletion of fossil fuel related to the lower heating value | MJ | CML | Non specified: 1 TRACI: 12.672 IMPACT 2002+: 0.958 ReCiPe: 42.748 |
EUTROPHICATION | Eutrophication potential of emission of nutrients | kg PO4 eq | CML | Non specified: 1 TRACI: 0.471 IMPACT 2002+: 10.397 ReCiPe: 3.951 |
ACIDIFICATION | Acidification potential | kg SO2 eq | CML | Non specified: 1 TRACI: 1.061 IMPACT 2002+: 1.058 ReCiPe: 1.227 |
OZONE DEPLETION | Ozone depletion potential of different gases |
kg CFC-11 eq | CML | Non specified: 1 TRACI: 0.770 IMPACT 2002+: 1 ReCiPe: 0.159 |
PARTICULATE MATTER | Fine particulate matter equivalent for respiratory inorganics | kg PM2.5 eq | IMPACT 2002+ | Non specified: 1 TRACI: 0.942 ReCiPe: 0.659 |
HUMAN TOXICITY | Human toxicity potential describing fate, exposure and effects of toxic substances | kg 1,4-DB eq | CML | Non specified: 1 TRACI: N.A. IMPACT 2002+: N.A. ReCiPe: N.A. |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/en14248292