Plant Secondary Metabolites as Biopesticides

Plant Secondary Metabolites as Biopesticides: History

Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Subjects: Plant Sciences

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Plant extracts and pure plant-derived substances with promising biological activity and the potential to be used as biopesticides for stored products. The main aim of biopesticides is to be effective against target pests, without harming humans and the environment.

biopesticides
plant extracts
stored grain pests
insects
mites
grains
commodities

1. Introduction

Natural molecules of botanical origin have attracted international research interest in recent years as ecofriendly alternatives to their synthetic pesticidal ancestors (in commercial terms) [9]. Recent reviews on the use of the secondary metabolites of plants against stored product insects are those of Rajendran and co-workers, reporting the fumigant toxicity results conducted with essential oils of plants (mainly belonging to Apiaceae, Lamiaceae, Lauraceae and Myrtaceae) and their components (cyanohydrins, monoterpenoids, sulphur compounds, thiocyanates and others) [10], as well as that of Stejskal and co-workers, reporting on gas, liquid, gel and solid formulations of natural pesticides for stored-product applications [11].

2. Using Plant Secondary Metabolites to Control Stored Products Pests

Plant extracts have been tested mainly in the form of essential oils against stored grain pests and, in some cases, the research has extended as far as including the main components of these oils.

Regarding mites, studies have addressed the effects on pests, as well as predatory species. There are three substances that have shown the best results when tested in the lowest of concentrations, even lower than benzyl-benzoate (an already industrially available product). These substances are components of the clove bud (E. caryophyllata) essential oil, methyleugenol, forget-me-not (M. arvensis) essential oil and benzaldehyde of P. persica. Furthermore, cinnamon (naturally containing benzyl-benzoate) has been proven to be effective against T. putrescentiae, T. molitor, S. oryzae, R. dominica, P. interpunctella and E. kuhniella as a contact toxicant to larvae or adults, as a repellant or as a fumigant. However, detailed knowledge of the lethal or non-lethal effects of botanical pesticides on beneficial insects is important for integrated pest management (IPM).

Regarding the impact of pesticides on Coleoptera and Lepidoptera, many plant species have been studied for their pesticidal properties. C. copticum was found to be active against T. confusum, S. granarius, P. interpunctella and E. kuehniella, whereas basil was effective as a fumigant for S. zeamais, O. surinamensis and E. kuehniella. Most interestingly various Citrus species were effective as fumigants, contact toxicants and as repellants, for both Coleopterans (T. castaneum, S. oryzae and C. ferrugineus) and Lepidoptera (P. interpunctella, S. cerealella and E. kuehniella). In addition, in regard to Lepidoptera, many substances have been evaluated for sublethal effects (C. cincta lowered the percentage of adult emergence, and A. sativum reduced adult longevity and inhibited oviposition), whereas for Coleoptera only a few studies of sublethal effects are available.

T. minuta and T. patula extracts were very effective fumigants against T. castaneum Herbst, whereas Eucalyptus spp. extracts were very effective fumigants against the adults of R. dominica, T. castaneum and O. surinamensis, but were also very effective against Lepidoptera (E. kuehniella, E. cautella, C. cephalonica and P. interpunctella) as fumigants or repellents. C. reticulata and C. sinensis essential oils were among the few substances found to be effective against Coleoptera (T. castaneum) larvae, as was the garlic essential oil, causing necrosis to the larvae, pupae and adults of T. molitor L. The fumigant properties of C. citratus and Z. officinale were the most effective fumigants against the rice weevil. Furthermore, A. judaica and C. viminals had two of the lowest LC₅₀ values observed in this entire review. L. salicifolia, L. nobilis and E. floribundi were significantly effective repellents, whereas O. acutidens and C. reticulata were effective fumigants against L. serricorne and C. ferrugineus.

Finally, regarding Lepidoptera, the essential oil of C. anisata was found to be completely toxic to the larval stages, and also inhibited the emergence of adults. M. piperita and S. officinalis incorporated into polylactic acid solution showed significant contact toxicity on P. interpunctella, whereas M. piperita showed higher toxicity than S. officinalis. The essential oils exhibiting contact toxicity showed higher toxic effects when they were loaded on polymeric nanoparticles, as in the case of palmarosa (C. martinii), geranium (G. maculatum), and peppermint (M. piperita) against P. interpunctella. Eucalyptus spp. was the most tested substance in Lepidoptera, achieving 100% mortality, and it was effective as a fumigant and exhibited contact toxicity. Additionally, purslane essential oil was very effective against E. cautella in terms of fumigant toxicity, oviposition deterrence and persistence against larvae and adults. M. tennuifolia achieved 100% E. cautella moth mortality and reduced the hatchability of the eggs, whereas adult emergence was prevented, making it a very useful tool against E. cautella; as was birch essential oil, which displayed high fumigant toxicity on the eggs of E. kuehniella. Furthermore, A. graveolens oil was found to be the most active against E. kuehniella larvae, the life stage of the Lepidoptera species that causes the most damage. Finally, the essential oil of O. vulgaris was found to affect pupal development and disrupt the reproduction of exuviated adults by extending the preoviposition period and reducing the period of egg-laying and fecundity.

In general, there is a shortage of tools for combatting stored-product pests, as an alternative to the use of synthetics. With this review, we refer to the botanical substances reported in the literature of recent years to exhibit pesticidal properties of potential utility in the management of stored products (Table 1).

Table 1. Plant species reported to exhibit significant activity against stored-product pests in recent years.

Mites
Plant Species	Formulation	Pest Species	Reference
Allium sativum	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[29,31]
Allium sativum	essential oil	Cheyletus malaccensis	[30]
Azadirachta indica	Commercial product of neem	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[13,20]
	(Fortune AZA)	Acarus siro
		Lepidoglyphus destructor
Carum carvi	essential oil	Gohieria fusca	[25]
		Lepidoglyphus destructor
		Acarus siro
		Tyrophagus putrescentiae
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[33]
Eucaliptus globulus	essential oil	Tyrophagus longior	[35]
Eugenia caryophyllata	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[21]
Eugenia uniflora	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[33]
Eugenia uvalha	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[33]
Juniperus chinensis	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[41]
Lavandula angustifolia	essential oil	Tyrophagus longior	[35]
Lavandula stoechas	essential oil	Tyrophagus longior	[35]
Ligustrum japonicum	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[24]
Melaleuca leucadendra	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[33]
Mentha piperita	essential oil	Tyrophagus longior	[35]
Myosotis arvensis	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[28]
Ocimum basilicum	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[29]
Petroselinum sativum	active constituents	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[27]
Pinus pinea	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[40]
Pinus halepensis	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[40]
Pinus pinaster	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[40]
Pinus nigra	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[40]
Piper marginatum	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[33]
Prunus persica	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[37]
Rosmarinus officinalis	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[22]
Schinus terebinthifolius	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[33]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	essential oil	Tyrophagus putrescentiae	[29]
Coleoptera
Plant Species	Formulation	Pest Species	Reference
Achillea wilhelmsii	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[42]
Achyranthus aspera	essential oil	Cryptolestes ferrugineus	[43]
Acisanthera.	ethanolic extract	Tenebrio molitor	[44]
Acorus calamus	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[45]
Acorus calamus	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[45]
Adenocalymma nodosum	ethanolic extract	Tenebrio molitor	[44]
Agastache rugosa	plant extract	Tribolium castaneum	[46]
Allium sativum	powder	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[47]
	essential oil	Tenebrio molitor	[48]
	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[49]
	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[49]
Alpinia blepharocalyx	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[50]
Amomum maximum	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[51]
Amomum tsaoko	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[52]
Amomum tsaoko	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[52]
Anethum graveolens	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[53]
Armoracia rusticana	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[54]
Artemisia absinthium	powder	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[47]
Artemisia anethoides	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[55]
Artemisia anethoides	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[55]
Artemisia herba-alba	essential oil	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[56]
Artemisia herba-alba	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[56]
Artemisia judaica	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Artemisia monosperma	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Artemisia vulgaris	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[58]
Artemisia stolonifera	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[59]
Artemisia stolonifera	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[59]
Aster ageratoides	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[60]
Aster ageratoides	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[60]
Astoma seselifolium	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Atalantia guillauminii	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[61]
Atalantia guillauminii	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[61]
Azadirachta indica	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[62]
Azadirachta indica	seed oil	Tribolium castaneum	[62]
Bauhinia purpurea	methanol extract	Trogoderma granarium	[63]
Bidens sulphurea	ethanolic extract	Tenebrio molitor	[44]
Caesalpinia gilliesii	methanol extract	Trogoderma granarium	[63]
Carum carvi	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[64]
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Rhizopertha dominica
Carum copticum	essential oil	Sitophilus granarius	[65]
Carum copticum	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[65]
Caryopteris incana	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[66]
Calendula officinalis	essential oil	Sitophilus granarius	[67]
Callistemon viminals	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Capsicum annuum	plant extract	Tribolium castaneum	[46]
Cassia fistula	methanol extract	Trogoderma granarium	[63]
Cassia occidentalis	water extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[68]
	ethanol extract
	acetone extract
Cassia senna	methanol extract	Trogoderma granarium	[63]
Cayratia japonica	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[69]
Cayratia japonica	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[69]
Chenopodium album	ether extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[70]
Chrysanthemum frutescens	methanol extract	Trogoderma granarium	[63]
Cinnamomum verum	essential oil	Tenebrio molitor	[71]
		Tribolium castaneum	[64]
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Rhizopertha dominica
Citrus aurantifolia	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Citrus lemon	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Citrus medica	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[72]
Citrus paradisi	essential oil	Rhizopertha dominica	[73]
Citrus reticulata	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[74]
	powder	Tribolium castaneum	[46,75]
	ethanol extract		[46,75]
	essential oil		[76]
	essential oil	Cryptolestes ferrugineus	[77]
	essential oil	Rhyzopertha dominica	[73]
Citrus sinensis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[76]
	essential oil	Rhizopertha dominica	[78]
	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[79]
Calamintha glandulosa	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[80]
Clausena anisum-olens	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[81]
Cleome viscosa	water extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[68]
	ethanol extract
	acetone extract
Coriandrum sativum	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[82]
Crithmum maritimum	essential oil	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[83]
		Sitophilus granarius
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Tribolium castaneum
		Tribolium confusum
Cuminum cyminum	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[53]
Cupressus lusitanica	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[84]
Cupressus lusitanica	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[84]
Cupressus macrocarpa	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Cupressus sempervirens	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Cymbopogon citratus	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[85]
Cymbopogon citratus	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[86]
Cymbopogon giganteus	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[86]
Cymbopogon schoenanthus	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[86]
Cymbopogon winterianus	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[64]
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Rhizopertha dominica
Dahlia pinnata	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[50]
Dahlia pinnata	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[50]
Dennettia tripetala	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[87]
Dimorphandra mollis	ethanolic extract	Tenebrio molitor	[44]
Dracocephalum moldavica	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[88]
Dracocephalum moldavica	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[88]
Drimys winteri	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[89]
Dictamnus dasycarpus	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[90]
Eruca sativa	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[74]
Etlingera yunnanensis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[91]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[92,93]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[92,93]
Eucalyptus citriodora	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[86]
Eucalyptus floribundi	essential oil	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[94]
Eucalyptus floribundi	essential oil	Rhizopertha dominica	[94]
Eucalyptus globulus	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[74]
	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[95]
	essential oil	Rhizopertha dominica	[95]
Eucalyptus intertexta	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[93]
Eucalyptus intertexta	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[93]
Eucalyptus leucoxylon	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[96]
Eucalyptus leucoxylon	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[96]
Eucalyptus obliqua	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[82]
Eucalyptus procera	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[97]
Eucalyptus saligna	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[84]
Eucalyptus saligna	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[84]
Eucalyptus sargentii	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[93]
Eucalyptus sargentii	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[93]
Euonymus japonicus	methanol extract	Trogoderma granarium	[63]
Ferula narthex	essential oil	Cryptolestes ferrugineus	[43]
Foeniculum vulgare	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[53]
	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[64]
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Rhizopertha dominica
Ginkgo biloba	plant extract	Tribolium castaneum	[46]
Hyptis suaveolens	essential oil	Rhizopertha dominica	[98]
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Tribolium castaneum
Juniperus formosana	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[99]
Juniperus polycarpus	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[100]
Juniperus sabina	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[100]
Kadsura heteroclita	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[101]
Laurelia sempervirens	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[102]
Laurelia sempervirens	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[89]
Laurus nobilis	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[103]
		Rhizopertha dominica	[104]
		Tribolium castaneum	[104]
Laggera pterodonta	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[105]
Lavandula angustifolia	essential oil	Sitophilus granarius	[106]
Lavandula officinalis	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[92]
Lavandula officinalis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[92]
Lavandula stoechas	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[95]
		Rhizopertha dominica
		Tribolium castaneum
Lepidoploa aurea	ethanolic extract	Tenebrio molitor	[44]
Litsea cubeba	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[107]
Litsea salicifolia	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[108]
Litsea salicifolia	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[108]
Linium usitatissium	essential oil	Cryptolestes ferrugineus	[43]
Lippia javanica	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[109]
Lippia sidoides	essential oil	Tenebrio molitor	[110]
Liriope muscari	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[111]
Liriope muscari	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[111]
Maytenus emarginata	ether extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[70]
Melia azedarach	essential oil	Cryptolestes ferrugineus	[43]
Mentha piperita	powder	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[47]
	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[112]
	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[112]
	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[113]
Mentha longifolia	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[42]
Mentha longifolia	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[114]
Mentha pulegium	essential oil	Sitophilus granarius	[115]
	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[116]
	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[116]
Mentha .	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[85]
Mesua ferrea	water extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[68]
	ethanol extract
	acetone extract
Micromeria fruticosa	essential oil	Sitophilus granarius	[117]
Minthostachys verticillata	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[118]
Mosla soochowensis	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[119]
Mosla soochowensis	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[119]
Myristica fragrans	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[64]
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Rhizopertha dominica
Myrtus communis	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Nardostachys chinensis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum Lasioderma serricorne	[120]
Nardostachys chinensis	supercritical CO₂ fluid extract	Tribolium castaneum Lasioderma serricorne	[120]
Nigella sativa	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[64]
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Rhizopertha dominica
Ocimum basilicum	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[121]
	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[79]
		Tribolium castaneum	[122]
		Tribolium confusum
		Trogoderma granarium
Ocimum gratissimum	essential oil	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[123]
		Rhizopertha dominica
		Sitophilus oryzae
		Tribolium castaneum
Origanum acutidens	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[124]
Origanum acutidens	essential oil	Sitophilus granarius	[124]
Origanum majorana	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[125]
Origanum minutiflorum	essential oil	Tribolium confusum
Origanum onites	essential oil	Tribolium confusum
Origanum syriacum	essential oil	Tribolium confusum
Origanum vulgare	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Origanum vulgare	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[46,125]
Ostericum viridiflorum	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[126]
Petroselinum crispum	essential oil	Sitophilus zeamais	[53]
Perilla frutescens	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[127]
Pimenta dioica	powder	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[47]
Pimpinella anisum	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[46]
Pinus longifolia	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[82]
Pituranthos tortuosus	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Platycladus orientalis	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[128]
Platycladus orientalis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[128]
Pongamia pinnata	water extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[68]
	ethanol extract
	acetone extract
Psidium guajava	powder	Tribolium castaneum	[75]
Psidium guajava	ethanol extract	Tribolium castaneum	[75]
Pulicaria gnaphalodes	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[42]
Punica gronatum	ether extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[70]
Ricinus communis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[116]
	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[116]
	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[74]
Rosmarinus officinalis	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[74]
Salvia officinalis	powder	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[47]
Salvertia convallariaeodora	ether extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[70]
Sasurrea costus	essential oil	Cryptolestes ferrugineus	[43]
Satureja hortensis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[129]
Schinus molle	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Schinus terebinthifolius	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Solanum nigrum	glycoalkaloid extract	Tenebrio molitor	[130]
Syzygium aromaticum	essential oil	Tenebrio molitor	[71]
		Sitophilus oryzae	[92]
		Tribolium castaneum	[92]
Syzygium cumini	essential oil	Tribolium confusum	[74]
Syzygium cumini	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Tanacetum cinerariifolium	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[46]
Tagetes erecta	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[131]
Tagetes erecta	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[131]
Tagetes minuta	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[131]
Tagetes minuta	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[131]
Tagetes patula	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[131]
Tagetes patula	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[131]
Teucrium polium	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[132]
Thespesia populnea var. acutiloba	methanol extract	Trogoderma granarium	[63]
Thuja occidentalis	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[57]
Trewia nudiflora	water extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[68]
	ethanol extract
	acetone extract
Typhonium trilobatum	water extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[68]
	ethanol extract
	acetone extract
Valeriana jatamansi	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[120]
Valeriana jatamansi	supercritical CO₂ fluid extract	Lasioderma serricorne	[120]
Valeriana officinalis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum Lasioderma serricorne	[120]
Valeriana officinalis	supercritical CO₂ fluid extract	Tribolium castaneum Lasioderma serricorne	[120]
Vepris heterophylla	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[133]
Verbascum cheiranthifolium	ethanol extract	Sitophilus oryzae	[134]
Verbascum speciosum	ethanol extract	Sitophilus oryzae	[134]
Viola odorata	essential oil	Cryptolestes ferrugineus	[43]
Vitex negundo	ether extract	Oryzaephilus surinamensis	[70]
Xylopia aethiopica	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[87]
Zanthoxylum armatum	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[135]
Zanthoxylum armatum	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[135]
Zanthoxylum dissitum	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[135]
Zanthoxylum dissitum	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[135]
Zanthoxylum planispinum var. dintanensis	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum Lasioderma serricorne	[136]
Zingiber officinale	essential oil	Sitophilus oryzae	[85]
Zingiber purpureum	essential oil	Lasioderma serricorne	[137]
Zingiber purpureum	essential oil	Tribolium castaneum	[137]
Lepidoptera
Plant Species	Formulation	Pest Species	Reference
Acacia nilotica	acetone and pet ether extracts	Corcyra cephalonica	[138]
Acorus calamus	petroleum ether extract	Sitotroga cerealella	[139]
Acorus calamus	acetone extract	Sitotroga cerealella	[139]
Aframomum melegueta	powder	Sitotroga cerealella	[140]
Aframomum melegueta	extract	Sitotroga cerealella	[140]
Agastache rugosa	plant extract	Plodia interpunctella	[46]
Ajuga iva	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella	[141]
Allium cepa	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[142]
Allium sativum	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[143]
	major component: diallyl disulfide and diallyl trisulfide	Sitotroga cerealella	[143]
	major component: diallyl trisulfide	Sitotroga cerealella	[144,145,146]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[147,148,149]
	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[149]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[147]
Anacardium occidentale	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[150]
Anacardium occidentale	ethanolic oil extract and petroleum ether extract	Ephestia cautella	[151]
Anethum graveolens	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[152]
Anethum graveolens	oils applied as a 30% aqueous solution	Ephestia kuehniella	[153]
Arachis hypogaea	acetone extract	Corcyra cephalonica	[154]
Armoracia rusticana	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[54]
Artemisia haussknechtii	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[155]
Artemisia herba alba	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[156]
Artemisia khorassanica	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[157]
Artemisia khorassanica	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[158]
Artemisia sieberi Bess	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[157]
Artemisia vulgaris	essential oil	Cadra cautella	[159]
Artemisia vulgaris	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[58]
Azadirachta indica	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[160]
Azadirachta indica + Bacilus thuringiensis		Ephestia cautella	[160]
Betula lenta	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[147]
Betula lenta	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[147]
Brassica alba	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[148]
Callistemon viminalis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[161]
Calotripis procera roots	extract	Cadra cautella	[162]
Capsicum annuum	plant extract	Plodia interpunctella	[46]
Capsicum frutescens	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[150]
Capsicum frutescens	ethanolic oil extract and petroleum ether extract	Ephestia cautella	[151]
Carum copticum	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[163]
Carum copticum	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[163]
Cassia angustifolia	protease inhibitor	Plodia interpunctella	[164]
Centaurium erythraea	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella	[141]
Cinnamomum camphora	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[165]
Cinnamomum.	oil encapsulated with different types of alcohol	Plodia interpunctella	[166]
Cinnamomum.	polyethylene-laminated polypropylene films	Plodia interpunctella	[167]
Cinnamomum zeylanicum	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[168,169]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[147]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[147]
Cistus ladanifer	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella	[141]
Cistus monspeliensis	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella
Cistus salviaefolius	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella
Citrus aurantium	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[170]
Citrus bergamia	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[171]
Citrus limon	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[172]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[172]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[173]
Citrus reticulata	plant extract	Plodia interpunctella	[46]
Citrus vulgaris	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[155]
Clausena anisata	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[174]
Cleisthopholis patens	root bark powder	Plodia interpunctella	[175]
	stem bark powder	Plodia interpunctella
	leaf powder	Plodia interpunctella
Conocarpus lancifolius (leaves)	aqueous and ethanolic extract	Ephestia cautella	[176]
Coriandrum sativum	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[177]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[178,179]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[178]
	essential oil	Corcyra cephalonica	[82]
Cuminum cyminum	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[180]
Cupressus lusitanica	leaf essential oils	Sitotroga cerealella	[181]
Cupressus sempervirens	essential oil	Cadra cautella	[159]
Cupressus sempervirens L. horizontalis	resin essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[182]
Cymbopogon martinii	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[171]
Cyrtocymura cincta	sesquiterpene lactones isolated from leaves and flowers	Sitotroga cerealella	[183]
Dalbergia sissoo	acetone extract	Corcyra cephalonica	[138]
Dimorphandra mollis	flowers	Sitotroga cerealella	[184]
Dryopteris filix (mas root and rhizome)	ethanolic extract	Corcyra cephalonica	[185]
Elaeagnus angustifolia	ethyl acetate	Ephestia cautella	[186]
Elaeagnus angustifolia	aqueous	Ephestia cautella	[186]
Elettaria cardamomum	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[187,188]
Eucalyptus astringens	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[189]
Eucalyptus astringens	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[189]
Eucalyptus camaldulensis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[180]
	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[189]
		Ephestia kuehniella
		Cadra cautella
Eucalyptus dives	oil and constituents	Plodia interpunctella	[190]
Eucalyptus globulus	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[149]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[149]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[171]
Eucalyptus lehmannii	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[189]
Eucalyptus lehmannii	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[189]
Eucalyptus leucoxylon	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[189]
Eucalyptus leucoxylon	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[189]
Eucalyptus obliqua	essential oil	Corcyra cephalonica	[82]
Eucalyptus platyphylla	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[191]
Eucalyptus rudis	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[189]
Eucalyptus rudis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[189]
Eucalyptus saligna	leaf essential oils	Sitotroga cerealella	[181]
Ferula galbaniflua	essential oil	Cadra cautella	[159]
Ferula gummosa	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[161,188]
Geranium maculatum	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[171,192]
Ginkgo biloba	plant extract	Plodia interpunctella	[46]
Glossocardia bosvallia	hexane extracts	Corcyra cephalonica	[193]
Hyossopus officinalis	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[152]
Hypericum scabrum	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[117]
Hyssoppus officinalis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[117]
Lantana camara	essential oil	Cadra cautella	[194]
Launaea arborescens	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella	[141]
Laurus nobilis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[195]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[172]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[172]
Lavandula angustifolia	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[196]
Lavandula angustifolia	extract	Ephestia kuehniella	[197]
Lavandula angustifolia	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[171]
Lavandula dentata	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella	[141]
Lawsonia inermis	pet ether extract	Corcyra cephalonica	[138]
Lippia turbinata	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[198]
Maxillaria tenuifolia	ethanolic oil extract and petroleum ether extract	Ephestia cautella	[151]
Melaleuca viridiflora	essential oil	Cadra cautella	[159]
Mentha longifolia	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[199]
Mentha piperita	essential oil	Corcyra cephalonica	[113]
	polylactic acid solution	Plodia interpunctella	[200]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[171,192]
	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[191]
Mentha pulegium	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[201]
Mentha spicata	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[202]
Mentha spicata	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[202]
Micromere fruticosa	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[117,203]
Monodora tenuifolia	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[150]
Myristica fragrans	essential oil	Cadra cautella	[159]
Myristica fragrans	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[204]
Myrtus commonis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[195,205]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[172]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[172]
Nepata racemosa	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[203]
Neroli birgard	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[170]
Ocimum basilicum	oils applied as a 30% aqueous solution	Ephestia kuehniella	[153]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[178,201,202]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[178,202]
Ocimum kilimandscharicum	ground leaves	Sitotroga cerealella	[206]
Ocimum kilimandscharicum	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[206]
Ocimum suave	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[207]
Ocimum suave	dry or ground leaves	Sitotroga cerealella	[207]
Origanum acutidens	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[117,124]
Origanum majorana	essential oil	Corcyra cephalonica	[208]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[172]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[172]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[173]
Origanum onites	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[205]
Origanum onites	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[205]
Origanum syriacum var. bevanii	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[180]
Origanum vulgare	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[46]
Origanum vulgare	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[156,203]
Origanum vulgaris	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[209]
Parthenium hysterophorus	acetone extract	Corcyra cephalonica	[138]
Peganum harmala	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella	[141]
Petroselinum crispum	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[179]
Petroselinum sativum	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[152]
Pimpinella anisum	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[149]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[147,149,180]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[46,147]
Pinus brutia	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[210]
Pinus densiflora	diterpene resin acids (DRAs)	Plodia interpunctella	[211]
Pinus longifolia	essential oil	Corcyra cephalonica	[82]
Pinus pinea	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[210]
Piper nigrum	essential oil	Corcyra cephalonica	[113]
Piper sarmentosum	hexane extracts	Plodia interpunctella	[212]
Pistacia lentiscus	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[213]
Polyalthia longifolia	essential oil	Sitotroga cerealella	[174]
Portulaca oleracea	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[214]
Portulaca oleracea	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[215]
Prunus	grain coating with amygdalin	Plodia interpunctella	[216]
Psychotria prunifolia	leaves	Sitotroga cerealella	[184]
Ricinus communis	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[150,214]
Ricinus communis	ethanolic oil extract and petroleum ether extract	Ephestia cautella	[151]
Rosemarinus officinalis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[149,180,196]
	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[149]
	essential oil	Cadra cautella	[159]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[152]
	methanol extract	Plodia interpunctella	[141]
Ruta graveolens	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[201]
Ruta montana	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[156]
Salvia limbata	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[117]
Salvia nemorosa	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[117]
Salvia officinalis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[188]
Salvia officinalis	polylactic acid solution	Plodia interpunctella	[200]
Satureja hortensis	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[129]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[129]
	essential oil	Cadra cautella	[159]
Satureja thymbra	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[205]
Satureja thymbra	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[172,205]
Satureje hortensis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[117]
Syzygium aromaticum	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[165]
Tanacetum cinerariifolium	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[46]
Thymus daenensis	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[217]
Thymus daenensis	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[217]
Thymus vulgaris	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[152]
Thymus vulgaris	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[117]
Tithonia diversifolia	leaves	Sitotroga cerealella	[184]
Trachyspermum ammi	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[204]
Trigonella foenum-graecum	protease inhibitor	Plodia interpunctella	[164]
Vitex pseudo-negundo	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[158]
Xylopia aethiopica	essential oil	Ephestia cautella	[150]
Xylopia aethiopica	ethanolic oil extract and petroleum ether extract	Ephestia cautella	[151]
Zingiber officinale	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[153]
	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[218]
	essential oil	Plodia interpunctella	[218]
Ziziphora clinopodioides Lam.	essential oil	Ephestia kuehniella	[219]

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/agriculture11090879

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