Cultural |
(B1) Lacking consumer awareness and interest |
[113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Remanufacturing, Redesign, Repair, Refurbish |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B2) Hesitant company culture |
[121][122][117][123][119][124] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, Nanotechnology |
(B3) Inadequate knowledge about CE |
[125][126][117][119][127] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B4) Currently operating in a linear system |
[128][129][117][130][124] |
Reuse, Reduce, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
Business and Business Finance |
(B5) Weak economic incentives |
[121][131][117][118][119][120] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B6) Major investment costs |
[129][120] |
Repurpose, Rethink |
AGV, Machine Learning |
(B7) High cost of receiving recycling product |
[131][124] |
Rethink |
AGV, Machine Learning |
(B8) Mismatch between return and profit |
[131][129] |
Rethink |
AGV, Machine Learning |
(B9) Increased research cost |
[131][127] |
Repurpose, Rethink |
AGV, Machine Learning |
(B10) Limited business model applications |
[117][130][132][127] |
Repair, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, 3DP, AGV, Machine learning |
Regulatory and Governmental |
(B11) Lack of conductive legal systems |
[107][133][134][131][122][117][119] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B12) Policy challenges |
[114][115][135][136][117][137][119] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign |
IoT, CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, CC, Blockchains, Robotics, AGV, Machine Learning |
(B13) Taxation and incentives |
[138][114][126][131][129][117][118][119] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B14) Existing loose environmental regulations |
[114][139][136][117][123][119][120] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Recover, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B15) Different focuses between central and local governments |
[114][140][129][117][130][119] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning |
(B16) Lack of proper waste infrastructure |
[114][129][132] |
Rethink, Reduce |
IoT, AGV, 3DP, Machine learning |
(B17) Lack of standard system for CE performance |
[114][134][128][129][117][130][119] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Recover, Refurbish, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
Technological |
(B18) Technical limitations of recycling |
[121][117][132][119][120] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B19) Need for data integration |
[117][137][123][127] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B20) Lack of eco-efficiency of the technological processes |
[134][128][129][117][132][119] |
Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
Managerial |
(B21) Poor leadership and management |
[114][117][118][119][124] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B22) Missing information exchange |
[138][114][117][119][124] |
Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing, Repair |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, Nanotechnology |
(B23) Lack of collaboration |
[107][113][114][117][119] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Redesign |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B24) Higher priority of other issues |
[131][129][127] |
Rethink |
AGV, Machine learning |
(B25) Ineffective labor |
[136][117][120] |
Repurpose, Rethink |
AGV, Machine learning |
Supply chain management |
(B26) Lack of eco-literacy among supply-chain partners |
[129][117][127] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B27) Need for a high-level supply chain integration |
[113][117][130][119][127] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B28) Unavailable effective framework adaptation |
[117][137][130][124] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
Knowledge and Skills |
(B29) Difficulty in defining CE |
[117][119][124] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Refurbish, Repurpose, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B30) Difficulties in implementation of CE |
[128][117][123][118][119] |
Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Refurbish, Rethink |
IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |