The concept of the circular economy (CE) has gained importance worldwide recently since it offers a wider perspective in terms of promoting sustainable production and consumption with limited resources. However, few studies have investigated the barriers to CE in circular food supply chains.
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Barriers | Sub-Barriers | Author(s) |
---|---|---|
Cultural | (B1) Lacking Consumer Awareness and Interest | [11,13,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52]. |
(B2) Hesitant Company Culture | [13,29,30,31,32,53] | |
(B3) Inadequate Knowledge About CE | [13,29,30,37,40,41,44,45,47,48,49,53,54,55,56,57,58,59,60,61,62] | |
(B4) Currently Operating in a Linear System | [63,64] | |
Business and Business Finance | (B5) Weak Economic Incentives | [27,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,60,65,66] |
(B6) Major Investment Costs | [43,44,47,48,67,68] | |
(B7) High Cost of Receiving Recycling Product | [30,31,41,45,47,48,66] | |
(B8) Mismatch between Return and Profit | ||
(B9) Increased Research Cost | [40,43,47,48] | |
(B10) Limited Business Model Applications | [68] | |
[44,46] | ||
Regulatory and Governmental | (B11) Lack of Conductive Legal Systems | [14,24,30,39,41,42,46,47,48,54] |
(B12) Policy Challenges | [11,13,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,52]. | |
[14,41,45,47,48] | ||
(B13) Taxation and Incentives | [25,27,36,61,69] | |
(B14) Existing Loose Environmental Regulations | ||
(B15) Different Focuses between Central and Local Governments | [38,52,70] | |
(B16) Lack of Proper Waste Infrastructure | ||
(B17) Lack of Standard System for CE performance | [38,42,56,58,59,71,72,73,74] | |
[25,32,38,44,47,48,53,55,56,58,59,71,72,73,74,75,76,77] | ||
Technological | (B18) Technical Limitations of Recycling | [13,30,31,41,44,46,47,48,54,61,65,67] |
(B19) Need for Data Integration | [26,78] | |
(B20) Lack of Eco-efficiency of the Technological Processes | [16,41,47,48,54,79] | |
Managerial | (B21) Poor Leadership and Management | [11,12,25,28,31,32,34,42,44,47,48,80,81,82,83] |
(B22) Missing Information Exchange | [11,47,48] | |
(B23) Lack of Collaboration | [12,15,24,34,41,44,45,47,61,76,77,78,80,83] | |
(B24) Higher priority of other issues | [47,84] | |
(B25) Ineffective labor | [18,68] | |
Supply Chain Management | (B26) Lack of Eco-Literacy Among Supply Chain Partners | [41,85,86] |
(B27) Need for a High-Level Supply Chain Integration | [11,12,25,28,32,34,35,41,44,47,48,52,71,76,77,81,82,84,85,87,88,89,90,91,92,93,94,95,96,97] | |
(B28) Unavailable Effective Framework Adaptation | ||
[48,80,98] | ||
Knowledge and Skills | (B29) Difficulty in Defining CE | [32,44,99,100] |
(B30) Difficulties in implementation of CE | [32,44,47,99,100,101,102,103] |
CE DIMENSIONS | INDUSTRY 4.0 TECHNOLOGIES |
---|---|
Reuse | CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Nanotechnologies, Blockchain |
Recycle | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI,3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchain |
Reduce | IoT, 3DP |
Remanufacturing | IoT, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics |
Repair | IoT, CPS, BDA, 3DP |
Recover | CC |
Refurbish | CPS, AI |
Repurpose | Machine Learning |
Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning |
Redesign | Iot, AGV, Machine Learning |
Main Barriers | Sub-Barriers | Author(s) | CE Dimensions | Industry 4.0 Technologies |
---|---|---|---|---|
Cultural | (B1) Lacking consumer awareness and interest | [114,116,119,122,132,136,138,139] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Remanufacturing, Redesign, Repair, Refurbish | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B2) Hesitant company culture | [121,130,132,134,138,140] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, Nanotechnology | |
(B3) Inadequate knowledge about CE | [118,127,132,138,141] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
(B4) Currently operating in a linear system | [123,129,132,135,140] | Reuse, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
Business and Business Finance | (B5) Weak economic incentives | [121,128,132,136,138,139] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B6) Major investment costs | [129,139] | Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | |
(B7) High cost of receiving recycling product | [128,140] | Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | |
(B8) Mismatch between return and profit | [128,129] | Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | |
(B9) Increased research cost | [128,141] | Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine Learning | |
(B10) Limited business model applications | [132,135,137,141] | Repair, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, 3DP, AGV, Machine learning | |
Regulatory and Governmental | (B11) Lack of conductive legal systems | [108,117,120,128,130,132,138] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B12) Policy challenges | [116,119,125,131,132,133,138] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, AI, 3DP, CC, Blockchains, Robotics, AGV, Machine Learning | |
(B13) Taxation and incentives | [115,116,127,128,129,132,136,138] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
(B14) Existing loose environmental regulations | [116,126,131,132,134,138,139] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
(B15) Different focuses between central and local governments | [116,124,129,132,135,138] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning | |
(B16) Lack of proper waste infrastructure | [116,129,137] | Rethink, Reduce | IoT, AGV, 3DP, Machine learning | |
(B17) Lack of standard system for CE performance | [116,120,123,129,132,135,138] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Recover, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
Technological | (B18) Technical limitations of recycling | [121,132,137,138,139] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Refurbish, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B19) Need for data integration | [132,133,134,141] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
(B20) Lack of eco-efficiency of the technological processes | [120,123,129,132,137,138] | Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
Managerial | (B21) Poor leadership and management | [116,132,136,138,140] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B22) Missing information exchange | [115,116,132,138,140] | Reuse, Recycle, Remanufacturing, Repair | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, Nanotechnology | |
(B23) Lack of collaboration | [108,114,116,132,138] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink, Redesign | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
(B24) Higher priority of other issues | [128,129,141] | Rethink | AGV, Machine learning | |
(B25) Ineffective labor | [131,132,139] | Repurpose, Rethink | AGV, Machine learning | |
Supply chain management | (B26) Lack of eco-literacy among supply-chain partners | [129,132,141] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B27) Need for a high-level supply chain integration | [114,132,135,138,141] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Repair, Recover, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
(B28) Unavailable effective framework adaptation | [132,133,135,140] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology | |
Knowledge and Skills | (B29) Difficulty in defining CE | [132,138,140] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Refurbish, Repurpose, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
(B30) Difficulties in implementation of CE | [123,132,134,136,138] | Reuse, Recycle, Reduce, Remanufacturing, Refurbish, Rethink | IoT, CPS, BDA, CC, AI, 3DP, RFID, Barcodes, Robotics, Blockchains, AGV, Machine learning, Nanotechnology |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/su13126812