Electrospraying disperses a liquid into fine droplets by charging it at a nozzle and letting the electrostatic repulsion overcome the surface tension. The cone-jet mode gives the narrowest droplet distribution, and it exists only within a window of flow rate and applied voltage [1]. The droplet size scales with the flow rate and with the conductivity of the liquid, so a change in formulation shifts the operating window [2]. Because the droplets dry quickly, a dissolved polymer forms a particle and a dispersion forms a capsule with a core [3]. The process runs at ambient temperature, which is what makes it suitable for a heat-sensitive active [4]. The throughput per nozzle is low, and scaling up requires an array of nozzles rather than a larger one [5].
- electrohydrodynamic atomization
- cone-jet mode
- droplet size
- encapsulation
- ambient processing
- throughput
- charged droplet
References
- Yao, J.; Kuang Lim, L.; Xie, J.; Hua, J.; Wang, C.H.; Characterization of electrospraying process for polymeric particle fabrication. Journal of Aerosol Science 2008, 39, 987-1002, 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2008.07.003.
- Castro Coelho, S.; Nogueiro Estevinho, B.; Rocha, F.; Encapsulation in food industry with emerging electrohydrodynamic techniques: Electrospinning and electrospraying – A review. Food Chemistry 2021, 339, 127850, 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.127850.
- Mirarab, A.; Assadpour, E.; Jafari, S.M.; Encapsulation of probiotics via electrospraying technology; Fundamentals, analysis, techniques, and applications. Future Foods 2026, 13, 100897, 10.1016/j.fufo.2025.100897.
- Berraquero-García, C.; Martínez-Sánchez, L.; Guadix, E.M.; García-Moreno, P.J.; Encapsulation of Tenebrio molitor Hydrolysate with DPP-IV Inhibitory Activity by Electrospraying and Spray-Drying. Nanomaterials 2024, 14, 840, 10.3390/nano14100840.
- Oikonomopoulou, V.; Stramarkou, M.; Plakida, A.; Krokida, M.; Optimization of encapsulation of stevia glycosides through electrospraying and spray drying. Food Hydrocolloids 2022, 131, 107854, 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2022.107854.