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Diterpenoid: History
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Contributor: Yu Peng

A diterpenoid is a member of a structurally diverse class of C20 terpenoid natural products whose carbon frameworks are biosynthetically derived predominantly from geranylgeranyl diphosphate (GGPP) and are associated with four isoprenyl units [1]. In plants, diterpenoid formation commonly begins with enzyme-catalyzed cyclization or rearrangement of GGPP by diterpene synthases, producing characteristic hydrocarbon or oxygenated scaffolds with acyclic, bicyclic, tricyclic, tetracyclic, or macrocyclic architectures [1][2][3]. These primary scaffolds undergo subsequent enzymatic elaboration involving reactions such as hydroxylation, oxidation, reduction, glycosylation, acylation, and other modifications that generate the molecular diversity of naturally occurring plant diterpenoids [2][3]. Their defining molecular scope therefore includes the twenty-carbon terpenoid framework, its biosynthetic derivation from isoprenoid precursors, scaffold formation through diterpene-synthase chemistry, and the resulting structural elaboration produced by downstream biosynthetic enzymes [1][2][3]. Within bioactive natural diterpenoid research, the term encompasses the molecular structures, biosynthetic pathways, and enzymatically generated chemical forms constituting this class of specialized plant metabolites [2][3].

  • Diterpenoid
  • geranylgeranyl diphosphate
  • diterpene synthase
  • specialized metabolism

References

  1. Jiachen Zi; Sibongile Mafu; Reuben J. Peters; To Gibberellins and Beyond! Surveying the Evolution of (Di)Terpenoid Metabolism. Annu. Rev. Plant Biol. 2014, 65, 259-286, 10.1146/annurev-arplant-050213-035705.
  2. Zhimin Hu; Xiuyu Liu; Mei Tian; Ying Ma; Baolong Jin; Wei Gao; Guanghong Cui; Juan Guo; Luqi Huang; Recent Progress and New Perspectives for Diterpenoid Biosynthesis in Medicinal Plants. Med. Res. Rev. 2021, 41, 2971-2997, 10.1002/med.21816.
  3. Junze Ren; Yu Wu; Zhanpin Zhu; Ruibing Chen; Lei Zhang; Biosynthesis and Regulation of Diterpenoids in Medicinal Plants. Chin. J. Nat. Med. 2022, 20, 761-772, 10.1016/s1875-5364(22)60214-0.
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