Construction and demolition waste (C&D waste) is the waste stream arising from the construction, renovation, and demolition of buildings, civil-engineering structures, and infrastructure, including excavated soil and residues from road planning and maintenance ^[1]. Under European waste legislation, C&D waste is formally identified with the waste codes listed in Chapter 17 of the European List of Wastes and comprises materials such as concrete, bricks, tiles, ceramics, wood, glass, metals, plastics, gypsum plasterboard, and uncontaminated excavated soil from construction and demolition operations, while explicitly excluding naturally occurring material and specified hazardous fractions that are classified separately ^[1]. The category is distinguished from municipal solid waste and from industrial-process waste by its origin in building and civil-engineering works, and it is typically heterogeneous, bulky, and dense relative to domestic waste; individual components may be hazardous (e.g., asbestos-containing materials or chemically treated wood) or non-hazardous, and the stream is commonly managed by source separation, sorting, crushing, and recycling into aggregates, fill, or backfill ^[2][3].