A printed circuit board (PCB) is a rigid or flexible insulating substrate onto which conductive pathways, pads, and other features are patterned in order to mechanically support and electrically interconnect electronic components ^[1]. The conductive patterns are typically formed from copper laminated to the substrate and etched or plated to define traces, with plated-through holes or vias connecting conductive layers in multilayer constructions [2]. Components are mounted onto the board by soldering to pads that are themselves integrated into the patterned copper layer ^[1]. The substrate materials are commonly glass-reinforced epoxy laminates, polyimide, or other dielectric materials selected for mechanical rigidity, thermal stability, and electrical insulation ^[2]. A PCB is distinguished from a bare printed wiring board by the inclusion of patterned conductive features that form a defined circuit, and from a backplane by the integration of active and passive components as well as interconnects ^[3]. Design and manufacturing requirements for PCBs—including conductor width, spacing, dielectric thickness, and via geometry—are standardized in industry specifications ^[3].