Encyclopedia
patched 1
- genes
1. Normal Function
The PTCH1 gene provides instructions for producing the patched-1 protein, which functions as a receptor. Receptor proteins have specific sites into which certain other proteins, called ligands, fit like keys into locks. A protein called Sonic Hedgehog is the ligand for the patched-1 receptor. Together, ligands and their receptors trigger signals that affect cell development and function.
Patched-1 and Sonic Hedgehog function in a pathway that is essential for early development. This pathway plays a role in cell growth, cell specialization, and determining the shape (patterning) of many different parts of the developing body. When Sonic Hedgehog is not present, patched-1 prevents cells from growing and dividing (proliferating). When Sonic Hedgehog is attached, patched-1 stops suppressing cell proliferation. Based on its role in preventing cells from proliferating in an uncontrolled way, PTCH1 is called a tumor suppressor gene.
2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
2.1. Gorlin syndrome
More than 225 mutations in the PTCH1 gene have been found to cause Gorlin syndrome (also known as nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome), a condition that affects many areas of the body and increases the risk of developing various cancerous and noncancerous tumors. Mutations in this gene prevent the production of patched-1 or lead to the production of an abnormal version of the receptor. An altered or missing patched-1 receptor cannot effectively suppress cell growth and division. As a result, cells proliferate uncontrollably to form the tumors that are characteristic of Gorlin syndrome. It is less clear how PTCH1 gene mutations cause the other signs and symptoms related to this condition, including small depressions (pits) in the skin of the palms of the hands and soles of the feet, an unusually large head size (macrocephaly), and skeletal abnormalities.
2.2. 9q22.3 microdeletion
The PTCH1 gene is located in a region of chromosome 9 that is deleted in people with a 9q22.3 microdeletion. As a result of this deletion, affected individuals are missing one copy of the PTCH1 gene in each cell. Researchers believe that many of the features associated with 9q22.3 microdeletions, particularly the signs and symptoms of Gorlin syndrome (described above), result from a loss of the PTCH1 gene. When this gene is missing, patched-1 is not available to suppress cell proliferation. As a result, cells divide uncontrollably to form the tumors that are characteristic of Gorlin syndrome. Other signs and symptoms related to 9q22.3 microdeletions (such as delayed development, intellectual disability, overgrowth of the body, and other physical abnormalities) may result from the loss of additional genes in the deleted region of chromosome 9.
2.3. Other disorders
At least seven mutations in the PTCH1 gene have been found to cause nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly. This condition occurs when the brain fails to divide into two halves during early development. PTCH1 gene mutations are a rare cause of nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly. These mutations prevent the signaling that is necessary for normal brain cell patterning. The signs and symptoms of nonsyndromic holoprosencephaly are caused by abnormal development of the brain and face.
2.4. Cancers
Some mutations are acquired during a person's lifetime and are present only in certain cells. These genetic changes, called somatic mutations, are not inherited. Somatic mutations in both copies of the PTCH1 gene are associated with a non-hereditary (sporadic) type of skin cancer called basal cell carcinoma. Other sporadic types of cancer may be associated with somatic mutations in the PTCH1 gene, including some forms of skin cancer, a childhood brain tumor called medulloblastoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer. A noncancerous (benign) jaw tumor called a keratocystic odontogenic tumor can also be associated with somatic PTCH1 gene mutations.
3. Other Names for This Gene
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BCNS
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FLJ26746
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FLJ42602
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HPE7
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NBCCS
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patched
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patched homolog 1 (Drosophila)
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PTC
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PTC1
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PTC1_HUMAN
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PTCH
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/ptch1
References
- Adolphe C, Hetherington R, Ellis T, Wainwright B. Patched1 functions as agatekeeper by promoting cell cycle progression. Cancer Res. 2006 Feb15;66(4):2081-8.
- Bale AE, Yu KP. The hedgehog pathway and basal cell carcinomas. Hum Mol Genet.2001 Apr;10(7):757-62. Review.
- Gorlin RJ. Nevoid basal cell carcinoma (Gorlin) syndrome. Genet Med. 2004Nov-Dec;6(6):530-9. Review.
- Iwasaki JK, Srivastava D, Moy RL, Lin HJ, Kouba DJ. The molecular geneticsunderlying basal cell carcinoma pathogenesis and links to targeted therapeutics. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2012 May;66(5):e167-78. doi: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.06.054.
- Lindström E, Shimokawa T, Toftgård R, Zaphiropoulos PG. PTCH mutations:distribution and analyses. Hum Mutat. 2006 Mar;27(3):215-9. Review.
- Ling G, Ahmadian A, Persson A, Undén AB, Afink G, Williams C, Uhlén M,Toftgård R, Lundeberg J, Pontén F. PATCHED and p53 gene alterations in sporadicand hereditary basal cell cancer. Oncogene. 2001 Nov 22;20(53):7770-8.
- Lupi O. Correlations between the Sonic Hedgehog pathway and basal cellcarcinoma. Int J Dermatol. 2007 Nov;46(11):1113-7. Review.
- Ming JE, Kaupas ME, Roessler E, Brunner HG, Golabi M, Tekin M, Stratton RF,Sujansky E, Bale SJ, Muenke M. Mutations in PATCHED-1, the receptor for SONICHEDGEHOG, are associated with holoprosencephaly. Hum Genet. 2002Apr;110(4):297-301.
- Muller EA, Aradhya S, Atkin JF, Carmany EP, Elliott AM, Chudley AE, Clark RD, Everman DB, Garner S, Hall BD, Herman GE, Kivuva E, Ramanathan S, Stevenson DA,Stockton DW, Hudgins L. Microdeletion 9q22.3 syndrome includes metopiccraniosynostosis, hydrocephalus, macrosomia, and developmental delay. Am J MedGenet A. 2012 Feb;158A(2):391-9. doi: 10.1002/ajmg.a.34216.
- Redon R, Baujat G, Sanlaville D, Le Merrer M, Vekemans M, Munnich A, CarterNP, Cormier-Daire V, Colleaux L. Interstitial 9q22.3 microdeletion: clinical and molecular characterisation of a newly recognised overgrowth syndrome. Eur J HumGenet. 2006 Jun;14(6):759-67.
