Encyclopedia
Coagulation factor XIII A chain
- genes
1. Normal Function
The F13A1 gene provides instructions for making one part, the A subunit, of a protein called factor XIII. This protein is part of a group of related proteins called coagulation factors that are essential for normal blood clotting. They work together as part of the coagulation cascade, which is a series of chemical reactions that forms blood clots in response to injury. After an injury, clots seal off blood vessels to stop bleeding and trigger blood vessel repair. Factor XIII acts at the end of the cascade to strengthen and stabilize newly formed clots, preventing further blood loss.
Factor XIII in the bloodstream is made of two A subunits (produced from the F13A1 gene) and two B subunits (produced from the F13B gene). When a new blood clot forms, the A and B subunits separate from one another, and the A subunit is cut (cleaved) to produce the active form of factor XIII (factor XIIIa). The active protein links together molecules of fibrin, the material that forms the clot, which strengthens the clot and keeps other molecules from breaking it down.
Studies suggest that factor XIII has additional functions, although these are less well understood than its role in blood clotting. Specifically, factor XIII is likely involved in other aspects of wound healing, immune system function, maintaining pregnancy, bone formation, and the growth of new blood vessels (angiogenesis).
2. Health Conditions Related to Genetic Changes
2.1 Factor XIII Deficiency
At least 140 mutations in the F13A1 gene have been found to cause inherited factor XIII deficiency, a rare bleeding disorder. Without treatment, affected individuals have a greatly increased risk of abnormal bleeding episodes, including life-threatening bleeding inside the skull (intracranial hemorrhage). F13A1 gene mutations severely reduce the amount or activity of the A subunit of factor XIII. In most people with these mutations, the level of functional factor XIII in the bloodstream is less than 5 percent of normal. This loss of factor XIII activity weakens new blood clots and prevents them from stopping blood loss effectively.
2.2 Other Disorders
Several common variations (polymorphisms) in the F13A1 gene have been studied as possible risk factors for diseases involving abnormal blood clotting. The most common F13A1 gene polymorphism changes a single protein building block (amino acid) in a critical part of the A subunit, replacing the amino acid valine with the amino acid leucine at protein position 34 (written as Val34Leu or V34L). This genetic change speeds up the activation of factor XIII. The Val34Leu polymorphism has been studied in relation to heart disease, stroke, recurrent pregnancy loss, and several other conditions. However, the results of these studies have been conflicting, and it remains unclear whether the polymorphism represents a major risk factor for any of these conditions.
3. Other Names for This Gene
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bA525O21.1 (coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide)
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coagulation factor XIII A chain precursor
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coagulation factor XIII, A polypeptide
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coagulation factor XIII, A1 polypeptide
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coagulation factor XIIIa
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F13A
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factor XIIIa
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fibrin stabilizing factor, A subunit
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fibrinoligase
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FSF, A subunit
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protein-glutamine gamma-glutamyltransferase A chain
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TGase
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transglutaminase A chain
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transglutaminase. plasma
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/gene/f13a1
References
- Bagoly Z, Koncz Z, Hársfalvi J, Muszbek L. Factor XIII, clot structure,thrombosis. Thromb Res. 2012 Mar;129(3):382-7. doi:10.1016/j.thromres.2011.11.040.
- Biswas A, Ivaskevicius V, Seitz R, Thomas A, Oldenburg J. An update of themutation profile of Factor 13 A and B genes. Blood Rev. 2011 Sep;25(5):193-204.doi: 10.1016/j.blre.2011.03.001.
- Biswas A, Ivaskevicius V, Thomas A, Oldenburg J. Coagulation factor XIIIdeficiency. Diagnosis, prevalence and management of inherited and acquired forms.Hamostaseologie. 2014;34(2):160-6. doi: 10.5482/HAMO-13-08-0046.Review.
- Hethershaw EL, Cilia La Corte AL, Duval C, Ali M, Grant PJ, Ariëns RA,Philippou H. The effect of blood coagulation factor XIII on fibrin clot structureand fibrinolysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2014 Feb;12(2):197-205. doi:10.1111/jth.12455.
- Levy JH, Greenberg C. Biology of Factor XIII and clinical manifestations ofFactor XIII deficiency. Transfusion. 2013 May;53(5):1120-31. doi:10.1111/j.1537-2995.2012.03865.x.
- Muszbek L, Bereczky Z, Bagoly Z, Komáromi I, Katona É. Factor XIII: acoagulation factor with multiple plasmatic and cellular functions. Physiol Rev.2011 Jul;91(3):931-72. doi: 10.1152/physrev.00016.2010. Review.
- Schroeder V, Kohler HP. Factor XIII deficiency: an update. Semin ThrombHemost. 2013 Sep;39(6):632-41. doi: 10.1055/s-0033-1353392.Review.
