Owing to intense urbanization and global change with the consequent extreme climate effects, interest in green roofs, even extensive ones, in the Mediterranean environment has increased. To this end, the choice of plant species is crucial because, owing to the identification of the most suitable plants, it will be possible to expand this type of green infrastructure and increase its ecosystem services in the urban environment.
Plant Species 2 | Botanical Family 3 |
Plant Life Form 4 | Chorotypes 5 | Substrate Depth (cm) | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Achillea millefolium L. | Asteraceae | H | Eurosib. | 4, 7, 10, 19 | [77,128] |
Aeonium arboreum Webb & Berthel. | Crassulaceae | NP | Macarones. | 6 | [129] |
Allium carinatum L. | Amaryllidaceae | G | Stenomedit. | 20 | [130] |
Allium roseum L. | Amaryllidaceae | G | Stenomedit. | 10 | [131] |
Allium sphaerocephalon L. | Amaryllidaceae | G | Paleotemp. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Alyssum alyssoides L. | Brassicaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 5, 10 | [37,131] |
Alyssum saxatile L. | Brassicaceae | C | Medit. | 14 | [132] |
Anemone hortensis L. | Ranunculaceae | G | N-Eurimedit. | 20 | [130] |
Anthemis arvensis L. | Asteraceae | T | Stenomedit. | 20 | [130] |
Anthemis maritima L. | Asteraceae | H | W-Medit. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Anthyllis vulneraria L. | Fabaceae | H | Eurimedit. | 10 | [131] |
Antirrhinum majus L. | Plantaginaceae | C | W-Medit. | 20 | [130] |
Antirrhinum linkianum Boiss. & Reut | Plantaginaceae | C | Endem. Portugal |
11 | [121] |
Aptenia cordifolia (L.f.) Schwantes | Aizoaceae | C | Africa | 5, 6 | [129,133,134] |
Arbutus unedo L. | Ericaceae | P | Stenomedit. | 18 | [63] |
Armeria maritima (Mill.) Willd. | Plumbaginaceae | H | Subcosmopol. | 4, 7, 10, 11 ± 1 | [128,135] |
Armeria maritima (Miller) Willdenow subsp. maritima | Plumbaginaceae | H | Subcosmopol. | 19 | [77] |
Armeria maritima ‘Rosea’ | Plumbaginaceae | H | Subcosmopol. | 14 | [132] |
Armeria pungens Hoffmanns. & Link | Plumbaginaceae | C | W-Europ. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Artemisia absinthium L. | Asteraceae | C | E-Medit. | 7.5, 10, 15 | [19,86] |
Arthrocnemum macrostachyum (Moric.) K.Koch | Amaranthaceae | C | Medit. | 10 | [136,137] |
Asphodelus fistulosus L. | Asphodelaceae | H | Subtrop. | 11 | [121] |
Atriplex halimus L. | Amaranthaceae | P | Stenomedit. | 7.5, 10, 15 | [19,138] |
Atriplex portulacoides L. | Amaranthaceae | C | Circumbor. | 10 | [139] |
Ballota acetabulosa Benth. | Lamiaceae | C | W-Asia | 8 | [140] |
Blackstonia perfoliata (L.) Huds. | Gentianaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 10 | [131] |
Brachypodium phoenicoides (L.) Roem. & Schult. | Poaceae | H | W.Stenomedit. | 15 | [42,65,120,141] |
Brachyscome multifida DC. | Asteraceae | H | Australia | 19 | [77] |
Calamintha nepeta Savi | Lamiaceae | C | Medit.-Mont. | 15, 20 | [36,130] |
Calendula arvensis L. | Asteraceae | H | Eurimedit. | 10 | [131] |
Carpobrotus edulis (L.) N.E.Br. | Aizoaceae | C | S-Africa | 5, 6, 9, 12, 15 | [133,142] |
Carpobrotus rossii (Haw.) Schwantes | Aizoaceae | C | S-Africa | 10 | [143] |
Carthamus carduncellus L. | Asteraceae | H | NW-Medit. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Centaurea cyanus L. | Asteraceae | T | Stenomedit. | 20 | [130] |
Centranthus macrosiphon Boiss. | Caprifoliaceae | H | W.Stenomedit. | 10 | [131] |
Centranthus ruber (L.) DC. | Caprifoliaceae | C | Stenomedit. | 11, 11 ± 1, 15, 20 | [36,121,135] |
Cerastium tomentosum L. | Caryophyllaceae | C | Endem. Italy | 6, 9, 12, 14, 15 | [132,142] |
Chrysanthemum myconis L. | Asteraceae | T | Stenomedit. | 20 | [130] |
Chrysocephalum apiculatum (Labill.) Steetz | Asteraceae | H | Endem. Italy | 19 | [77] |
Cistus salviifolius L. | Cistaceae | NP | Stenomedit. | 10, 13 | [87] |
Clinopodium acinos Kuntze | Lamiaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Colchicum autumnale L. | Colchicaceae | G | C-Europ. | 20 | [130] |
Consolida regalis Gray | Ranunculaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 20 | [130] |
Convolvulus cneorum L. | Convolvulaceae | C | N-Medit. | 7.5, 10, 15 | [19,138,144] |
Convolvulus sabatius Viv. | Convolvulaceae | G | W.Stenomedit. | 19 | [77] |
Cotinus coggygria Scop. | Anacardiaceae | NP | Medit.-Turan. | 10, 13 | [87,126] |
Crithmum maritimum L. | Apiaceae | C | Eurimedit. | 7.5, 15, 20 | [36,120,141,145,146] |
Crocus vernus (L.) Hill | Iridaceae | G | Eurimedit. | 20 | [130] |
Delosperma cooperi (Hook.f.) L.Bolus | Aizoaceae | C | S-Africa | 14 | [132] |
Delosperma N.E.Br. ‘Kelaidis’ | Aizoaceae | C | S-Africa | 14 | [132] |
Delosperma N.E.Br. sp. | Aizoaceae | C | S-Africa | 14 | [132] |
Dianella caerulea Sims ‘Breeze’ | Asphodelaceae | H | Australia | 10 | [143] |
Dianthus carthusianorum L. | Caryophyllaceae | H | C-Europ. | 15, 20 | [36,130] |
Dianthus deltoides L. | Caryophyllaceae | H | Euroasiat. | 10 | [131] |
Dianthus deltoides L. ‘Leuchtfunk’ | Caryophyllaceae | H | Euroasiat. | 14 | [132] |
Dianthus fruticosus subsp. fruticosus | Caryophyllaceae | H | Endem. Greece |
7.5, 15 | [147] |
Dianthus gratianopolitanus Vill. | Caryophyllaceae | H | C-Europ. | 6, 9, 12, 15 | [142] |
Dianthus superbus L. | Caryophyllaceae | H | Euroasiat. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Dorycnium hirsutum (L.) Ser. | Fabaceae | C | Eurimedit. | 14 | [132] |
Drosanthemum floribundum (Haw.) Schwantes | Aizoaceae | C | S-Africa | 5, 6, 8, 10, 11 ± 1, 12 | [133,135,148] |
Dymondia margaretae Compton | Asteraceae | H | S-Africa | 11 ± 1 | [135,149] |
Echium plantagineum L. | Boraginaceae | H | Eurimedit. | 8 | [150] |
Echium vulgare L. | Boraginaceae | H | Europ. | 8 | [150] |
Emerus major Mill. | Fabaceae | NP | C-Europ. | 10, 13 | [87] |
Erodium cicutarium (L.) L’Hér. | Geraniaceae | T | Subcosmop. | 10 | [131] |
Erophila verna (L.) DC. | Brassicaceae | T | Circumbor. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Euphorbia characias L. | Euphorbiaceae | NP | Stenomedit. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Euphorbia cyparissias L. | Euphorbiaceae | H | C-Europ. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Euphorbia pithyusa L. | Euphorbiaceae | C | W-Medit. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Festuca arundinacea Schreb. | Poaceae | H | Paleotemp. | 8, 16 | [54] |
Frankenia laevis L. | Frankeniaceae | C | Stenomedit. | 11 ± 1 | [135,149] |
Geranium molle L. | Geraniaceae | H | Eurasiat. | 10 | [131] |
Glaucium flavum Crantz | Papaveraceae | H | Eurimedit. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen | Amaranthaceae | C | Circumbor. | 5, 10 | [134,136] |
Hardenbergia violacea (Schneev.) Stearn | Fabaceae | P | Australia | 19 | [77] |
Helianthemum Gray ‘Fire Dragon’ | Cistaceae | C | - | 14 | [132] |
Helianthemum nummularium Mill. | Cistaceae | C | Europ.-Caucas. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Helichrysum italicum (Roth) G.Don | Asteraceae | C | S-Europ. | 7.5, 10, 15, 20 | [19,36,86,151] |
Helichrysum italicum subsp. microphyllum (Willd.) Nyman | Asteraceae | C | Eurimedit. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Helichrysum orientale (L.) Gaertn. | Asteraceae | C | Endem. Medit. | 7.5, 8, 10, 15 | [19,86,140] |
Helichrysum stoechas (L.) Moench | Asteraceae | C | Stenomedit. | 11 ± 1, 15, 20 | [36,135] |
Hemerocallis L. ‘Stella de Oro’ | Asphodelaceae | G | - | 14 | [132] |
Heuchera L. ‘Electra’ | Saxifragaceae | H | - | 10 | [152] |
Heuchera L. ‘Obsidian’ | Saxifragaceae | H | - | 10 | [152] |
Hypericum calycinum L. | Hypericaceae | C | Medit.-Mont. | 14 | [132] |
Hypochaeris radicata L. | Asteraceae | H | Europ.-Caucas. | 10 | [131] |
Hyssopus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | C | Orof. Eurasiat. | 19 | [77] |
Hyssopus officinalis subsp. aristatus (Godr.) Nyman | Lamiaceae | C | Medit. | 14 | [132] |
Indigofera australis Willd. | Fabaceae | P | Australia | 19 | [77] |
Iris chamaeiris Bertol. | Iridaceae | G | NW-Stenomedit. | 20 | [130] |
Iris lutescens Lam. | Iridaceae | G | NW-Stenomedit. | 5, 10, 11 ± 1 | [37,135,149] |
Jacobaea maritima (L.) Pelser & Meijden | Asteraceae | C | Stenomedit. | 19 | [77] |
Lagurus ovatus L. | Poaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 5, 10 | [37,153] |
Lampranthus spectabilis (Haw.) N.E.Br. | Aizoaceae | C | S-Africa | 6, 8, 10, 12 | [148] |
Lavandula angustifolia Mill. | Lamiaceae | NP | Stenomedit. | 6, 8, 10, 12 | [148] |
Lavandula dentata L. | Lamiaceae | NP | Paleosubtrop. | 15 | [152] |
Lavandula stoechas L. | Lamiaceae | NP | Stenomedit. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Lavandula stoechas subsp. luisieri (Rozeira) Rozeira | Lamiaceae | NP | Endem. Spain | 15 | [42] |
Leontodon tuberosus L. | Asteraceae | H | Stenomedit. | 15, 20 | [36,130] |
Ligustrum vulgare L. | Oleaceae | NP | Eurasiat. | 10 or 13 | [87] |
Limonium virgatum (Willd.) Fourr. | Plumbaginaceae | C | Eurimedit. | 11 ± 1, 15 | [120,135,141] |
Linum bienne Mill. | Linaceae | H | Eurimedit. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Lobularia maritima (L.) Desv. | Fabaceae | C | Stenomedit. | 5, 10 | [37,131] |
Lomandra longifolia Labill. ‘Tanika’ | Asparagaceae | H | Australia | 10 | [143] |
Lomelosia cretica (L.) Greuter & Burdet | Caprifoliaceae | C | Stenomedit. | 7.5, 10, 15 | [19,138] |
Lotus creticus L. | Fabaceae | C | Stenomedit. | 10, 11 ± 1 | [135,153] |
Medicago arborea L. | Fabaceae | P | NE-Medit. | 6, 8, 10, 12 | [148] |
Melissa officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | H | Eurimedit. | 8 | [140] |
Muscari comosum (L.) Mill. | Asparagaceae | G | Eurimedit. | 10 | [131] |
Myoporum parvifolium R.Br. | Scrophulariaceae | C | Australia | 10 | [143] |
Narcissus tazetta L. | Amaryllidaceae | G | Stenomedit. | 20 | [130] |
Nepeta cataria L. | Lamiaceae | H | E-Medit. | 19 | [77] |
Nigella damascena L. | Ranunculaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 20 | [130] |
Olearia axillaris (DC.) Benth. | Asteraceae | T | Australia | 19 | [77] |
Origanum dictamnus L. | Lamiaceae | H | Endem. Crete | 7.5, 10, 15 | [19,138] |
Origanum majorana L. | Lamiaceae | H | Saharo-Sind. | 7.5, 10 or 15 | [19] |
Origanum onites L. | Lamiaceae | C | E-Medit. | 8 or 16 | [54] |
Origanum vulgare L. | Lamiaceae | H | Eurasiat. | 19 | [77] |
Ornithogalum umbellatum L. | Liliaceae | G | Eurimedit. | 10, 20 | [130,131] |
Otanthus maritimus (L.) Hoffmanns. & Link | Asteraceae | C | Medit.-Atlant. | 10, 20 | [36] |
Paliurus spina-christi Mill. | Rhamnaceae | P | SE-Europ. | 10, 13 | [87] |
Pallenis maritima (L.) Greuter | Asteraceae | H | W-Medit. | 7.5, 10, 11 ± 1, 15 | [19,135,141,154,155] |
Pennisetum clandestinum Hochst. ex Chiov. | Poaceae | H | E-Africa | 5 | [134] |
Petrorhagia prolifera (L.) P.W.Ball & Heywood | Caryophyllaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 5 and 10 | [37] |
Petrorhagia saxifraga Link | Caryophyllaceae | H | Eurimedit. | 10 | [131] |
Phillyrea angustifolia L. | Oleaceae | P | Stenomedit. | 10, 13 | [87] |
Phlox douglasii Hook. ‘McDaniels Cushion’ | Polemoniaceae | H | N-America | 14 | [132] |
Pistacia lentiscus L. | Anacardiaceae | P | S-Medit. | 10, 13 | [87] |
Plantago afra L. | Plantaginaceae | T | Stenomedit. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Prunus mahaleb L. | Rosaceae | P | S-Europ. | 10, 13 | [87,126] |
Pyrus pyraster (L.) Burgsd. | Rosaceae | P | Eurasiat. | 10, 13 | [87] |
Rosmarinus officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | NP | Stenomedit. | 8, 15, 19 | [42,77,140] |
Salvia fruticosa Mill. | Lamiaceae | C | E-Medit. | 8, 10 | [123,140,156] |
Salvia L. hybr | Lamiaceae | C | - | 10 | [123,156] |
Salvia officinalis L. | Lamiaceae | C | Stenomedit. | 10, 13, 18 | [63,87,123,156] |
Salvia officinalis L. ‘Berggarten’ | Lamiaceae | C | Stenomedit. | 10 | [152] |
Salvia pomifera subsp. pomifera | Lamiaceae | C | Endem. Crete | 10 | [123] |
Salvia ringens Sm. | Lamiaceae | C | Endem. Greece | 10 | [123,156] |
Salvia tomentosa Mill. | Lamiaceae | C | NE-Medit. | 10 | [123] |
Santolina chamaecyparissus L. | Asteraceae | NP | Medit. | 7.5, 10, 15 | [19] |
Santolina rosmarinifolia L. | Asteraceae | NP | Medit. | 11 ± 1 | [135] |
Saponaria ocymoides L. | Caryophyllaceae | H | Orof. S-Europ. | 14 | [132] |
Satureja illyrica Host | Lamiaceae | C | S-Europ. | 14 | [132] |
Satureja montana L. | Lamiaceae | C | W-Medit. | 15, 20 | [36,151] |
Scabiosa columbaria L. | Dipsacaceae | H | Eurasiat. | 15, 20 | [36,130] |
Scilla autumnalis L. | Asparagaceae | G | Eurimedit. | 20 | [130] |
Scrophularia canina L. | Scrophulariaceae | H | Eurimedit. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Scrophularia peregrina L. | Scrophulariaceae | T | Stenomedit. | 10 | [131] |
Sedum acre L. | Crassulaceae | C | Europ. | 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12 | [37,128,131,157] |
Sedum album L. | Crassulaceae | C | Eurimedit. | 4, 5, 6, 7, 10, 12, 14 | [37,128,131,132,133,157,158] |
Sedum floriferum Praeger | Crassulaceae | C | Siberia | 14 | [132] |
Sedum hispanicum L. | Crassulaceae | C | SE-Europ. | 5, 14 | [132,133] |
Sedum L. spp. | Crassulaceae | C | - | 6, 10 | [129,152] |
Sedum ochroleucum Chaix | Crassulaceae | C | Medit.-Mont. | 5 | [133] |
Sedum reflexum L. | Crassulaceae | C | C-Europ. | 6, 12, 14 | [132,157] |
Sedum rupestre L. | Crassulaceae | C | C-Europ. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Sedum sediforme (Jacq.) Pau | Crassulaceae | C | Stenomedit. | 5, 6, 7.5, 8, 10, 11, 12, 13, 15, 16, 19 | [54,65,120,121,133,141,148,158,159,160] |
Sedum sexangulare L. | Crassulaceae | C | C-Europ. | 6, 10, 12, 14 | [132,157,158] |
Sedum spurium M.Bieb. | Crassulaceae | C | Europ.-Caucas. | 14 | [132] |
Sedum spurium M.Bieb. cf. 6 ‘Coccineum’ | Crassulaceae | C | Europ.-Caucas. | 10 | [158] |
Sedum spurium M.Bieb. cf. 6 ‘Summer Glory’ | Crassulaceae | C | Europ.-Caucas. | 10 | [158] |
Sempervivum L. ‘Reinhard’ | Crassulaceae | C | - | 10 | [152] |
Sesuvium verrucosum Raf. | Aizoaceae | C | America | 5 | [134] |
Sideritis athoa Papan. & Kokkini | Lamiaceae | C | Macarones. | 7.5, 10, 15 | [19,138] |
Sideritis hyssopifolia L. | Lamiaceae | C | NW-Medit. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Silene conica L. | Caryophyllaceae | T | Paleotemp. | 5, 10 | [37] |
Silene gallica L. | Caryophyllaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 10 | [131] |
Silene vulgaris (Moench) Garcke | Caryophyllaceae | H | Paleotemp. | 5, 10 | [153] |
Spartium junceum L. | Fabaceae | P | Eurimedit. | 10, 13 | [87] |
Sporobolus pungens Kunth | Poaceae | G | Subtrop. | 15 | [120,141] |
Stachys byzantina K.Koch | Lamiaceae | H | E-Asia | 10, 14 | [132,152] |
Sternbergia lutea (L.) Ker Gawl. ex Spreng. | Amaryllidaceae | G | Medit.-Mont. | 20 | [130] |
Teucrium chamaedrys L. | Lamiaceae | C | Eurimedit. | 14 | [132] |
Teucrium fruticans L. | Lamiaceae | NP | Stenomedit. | 19 | [77] |
Thymus caespititius Brot. | Lamiaceae | C | Iberian Peninsula | 15 | [151] |
Thymus marschallianus Willd. | Lamiaceae | C | Eurasiat. | 14 | [132] |
Thymus pseudolanuginosus Ronniger | Lamiaceae | C | S-Europ. | 15 | [151] |
Thymus serpyllum L. | Lamiaceae | H | Eurasiat. | 11 ± 1 | [135] |
Trifolium arvense L. | Fabaceae | T | Paleotemp. | 10 | [131] |
Trifolium campestre Schreb. | Fabaceae | T | Paleotemp. | 10 | [131] |
Tuberaria guttata (L.) Fourr. | Cistaceae | T | Eurimedit. | 20 | [130] |
Verbascum blattaria L. | Scrophulariaceae | H | Cosmopol. | 10 | [131] |
Verbascum thapsus L. | Scrophulariaceae | H | Europ.-Caucas. | 15, 20 | [36] |
Veronica prostrata L. | Plantaginaceae | H | Eurasiat. | 14 | [132] |
Zoysia matrella (L.) Merr. | Poaceae | H | E-Asia | 7.5, 15 | [161] |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/plants12233985