Encyclopedia
Laing distal myopathy is a condition that affects skeletal muscles, which are muscles that the body uses for movement.
- genetic conditions
1. Introduction
This disorder causes progressive muscle weakness that appears in childhood. The first sign of Laing distal myopathy is usually weakness in certain muscles in the feet and ankles. This weakness leads to tightening of the Achilles tendon (the band that connects the heel of the foot to the calf muscles), an inability to lift the first (big) toe, and a high-stepping walk. Months to years later, muscle weakness develops in the hands and wrists. Weakness in these muscles makes it difficult to lift the fingers, particularly the third and fourth fingers. Many affected people also experience hand tremors.
In addition to muscle weakness in the hands and feet, Laing distal myopathy causes weakness in several muscles of the neck and face. A decade or more after the onset of symptoms, mild weakness also spreads to muscles in the legs, hips, and shoulders. Laing distal myopathy progresses very gradually, and most affected people remain mobile throughout life. Life expectancy is normal in people with this condition.
2. Frequency
Although Laing distal myopathy is thought to be rare, its prevalence is unknown. Several families with the condition have been identified worldwide.
3. Causes
Mutations in the MYH7 gene cause Laing distal myopathy. The MYH7 gene provides instructions for making a protein that is found in heart (cardiac) muscle and in type I skeletal muscle fibers. Type I fibers, which are also known as slow-twitch fibers, are one of two types of fibers that make up skeletal muscles. Type I fibers are the primary component of skeletal muscles that are resistant to fatigue. For example, muscles involved in posture, such as the neck muscles that hold the head steady, are made predominantly of type I fibers.
In cardiac and skeletal muscle cells, the protein produced from the MYH7 gene forms part of a larger protein called type II myosin. This type of myosin generates the mechanical force that is needed for muscles to contract. In the heart, regular contractions of cardiac muscle pump blood to the rest of the body. The coordinated contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles allow the body to move.
It is unknown how mutations in the MYH7 gene cause progressive muscle weakness in people with Laing distal myopathy. Researchers have proposed that these mutations alter the structure of myosin in skeletal muscles, which prevents it from interacting with other proteins. The abnormal myosin gradually impairs the function of type I skeletal muscle fibers.
In most people with Laing distal myopathy, the signs and symptoms of the disorder are limited to weakness of skeletal muscles. Because myosin made with the MYH7 protein is also found in cardiac muscle, it is unclear why heart problems are not a typical feature of this condition.
4. Inheritance
This condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is sufficient to cause the disorder.
In most cases, an affected person inherits the mutation from one affected parent. A small percentage of cases result from new mutations in the gene. These cases occur in people with no history of the disorder in their family.
5. Other Names for This Condition
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distal myopathy 1
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Laing early-onset distal myopathy
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MPD1
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/condition/laing-distal-myopathy
References
- Laing NG, Laing BA, Meredith C, Wilton SD, Robbins P, Honeyman K, Dorosz S,Kozman H, Mastaglia FL, Kakulas BA. Autosomal dominant distal myopathy: linkageto chromosome 14. Am J Hum Genet. 1995 Feb;56(2):422-7.
- Lamont P, Laing NG. Laing Distal Myopathy. 2006 Oct 17 [updated 2015 Mar 12]. In: Adam MP, Ardinger HH, Pagon RA, Wallace SE, Bean LJH, Stephens K, Amemiya A, editors. GeneReviews® [Internet]. Seattle (WA): University of Washington,Seattle; 1993-2020. Available from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK1433/
- Lamont P, Wallefeld W, Davis M, Udd B, Laing N. Clinical utility gene cardfor: Laing distal myopathy. Eur J Hum Genet. 2011 Mar;19(3). doi:10.1038/ejhg.2010.190.
- Lamont PJ, Udd B, Mastaglia FL, de Visser M, Hedera P, Voit T, Bridges LR,Fabian V, Rozemuller A, Laing NG. Laing early onset distal myopathy: slow myosin defect with variable abnormalities on muscle biopsy. J Neurol NeurosurgPsychiatry. 2006 Feb;77(2):208-15.
- Meredith C, Herrmann R, Parry C, Liyanage K, Dye DE, Durling HJ, Duff RM,Beckman K, de Visser M, van der Graaff MM, Hedera P, Fink JK, Petty EM, Lamont P,Fabian V, Bridges L, Voit T, Mastaglia FL, Laing NG. Mutations in the slowskeletal muscle fiber myosin heavy chain gene (MYH7) cause laing early-onsetdistal myopathy (MPD1). Am J Hum Genet. 2004 Oct;75(4):703-8.
- Udd B. Distal muscular dystrophies. Handb Clin Neurol. 2011;101:239-62. doi:10.1016/B978-0-08-045031-5.00016-5. Review.
