Five Important Seeds in Traditional Medicine: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Mohamad Hesam Shahrajabian
,
Wenli Sun

Five important seeds that have tremendous medicinal and pharmacological benefits are anise, basil, borage, cilantro, and chamomile. Anise seed is used as a spice, either whole or ground, and its essential oil and extract are also obtained from the seeds. Basil seeds have a long history of usage in Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine, and they are a good source of minerals, are high in fiber (including pectin), and are rich is flavonoids and other polyphenols. Borage seed oil is used for skin disorders, such as seborrheic dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, and neurodermatitis. Coriander is an annual herb that is part of the Apiaceae family, and the seeds are rich in iron, zinc, copper, and essential minerals, which can decrease bad cholesterol and improve good cholesterol in the body. Chamomile can be considered for the treatment of insomnia, hemorrhoids, anxiety, and diarrhea, and it may help with wound healing and skin irritation. 

  • anise
  • basil
  • borage
  • chamomile
  • coriander
  • natural products
  • seed

1. Introduction

Aromatic and medicinal plants are gaining more importance because of their potential application in the food, pharmaceutical, and fragrance industries [1][2][3][4][5]. Medicinal and aromatic plants have been used in cosmetics, perfumery, pharmaceuticals, and food flavoring since ancient times due to the presence of essential oils and different components in them [6][7]. Anise, or aniseed, is an aromatic medicinal plant of the Apiaceae family [8], and its ethanol extract and essential oil are responsible for its efficacy [9]. It mainly contains trans-anethole and anethole, followed by estragole, sterols, scopoletin, coumarins, limonene, and pinens [10][11][12]. Its seeds are cultivated commercially and are used for flavoring [13], and its aromatic seeds have been used in medicine as a mild expectorant [14][15].
Basil is cultivated for its essential oil because it is used as odorizer and flavorant in perfumery and the food industry as well as in the pharmaceutical industry [16][17][18]. In traditional medicine, it has been used in folk medicine to treat coughs, headaches, diarrhea, warts, constipation, and kidney dysfunction, as well as to promote digestion and to stimulate appetite [19][20] due to the fact that it contains secondary metabolites, such as tannins, anthocyanins, phenols, flavonoids, and steroids [21][22]. Its oil, linalool, and estragole have indicated nematocidal activities and acaricidal activities [23]. It has marvelous biological characteristics, such as anti-angiogenic, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-allergic, anti-depressant, and anti-microbial ones [24][25][26][27][28][29].
Borage is an annual herb that is cultivated for culinary uses and for medicinal application, even though it is commercially planted for borage seed oil [30][31]. Borage seed oil is rich in the gamma-linolenic acid, which is utilized as a food or dietary supplement [32][33]. Other than seed oil, it contains a lot of fatty acids, such as linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, palmitic acid, erucic acid, and eicosenoic acid [34][35]. It is consumed for the treatment of different diseases, such as eczema, multiple sclerosis, heart diseases, diabetes, and arthritis [36][37][38].
One of the most important and popular herbs in the Apiaceae family is coriander [39][40], which is known for its antioxidant activity due to its natural phenolic-rich components [41][42]. Coriander plants are utilized as a pain reliever and a sedative, and the principle ingredient of coriander essential oil is linalool [43]. Coriander plants have different pharmacological effects, such as anti-cancerous, hypoglycemic, stomachic, carminative, spasmolytic, anti-mutagenic, antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antifungal activity, which makes it an important medicinal plant in the pharmaceutical industry [44][45][46][47][48][49].
Chamomile is widely cultivated for its flowers and its essential oils, and it is considered one of the oldest and most extensively used plants in traditional herbal medicine in different parts of the world [50][51][52]. It has been used to treat different kinds of complaints, such as rheumatic pain, muscle spams, influenza, convulsions, anxiety, hemorrhoids, mucosal ulceration, skin inflammation, and gastrointestinal disorders [53][54][55][56][57][58].

2. Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.)

Pimpinella anisum L. belongs to the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) family, and it is an annual herb and a grassy plant with small green to yellow seeds and white flowers that grows in Iran, Turkey, Egypt, India, and many other warm parts of the world [59][60]. The major constituents of anise are anethole, eugenol, estragole, pseudoisoeugenol, anisaldehyde, methylchavicol, terpene hydrocarbons, coumarins, estrols, scopoletin, umberlliferon, polyacetylenes, and polyenes [61][62][63][64][65]. Anise seeds are small, measuring about 3.5 mm in length, and they are teardrop-shaped seeds that are most often used dried. Fresh Anise seeds have a sage green coloring that transitions into a grey-brown hue as they dry, and the seeds are slightly hairy, with five distinct dorsal ridges running lengthwise along the surface. The seeds are brown in colour, and they have a characteristic sweet smell and a pleasant aromatic taste. The molecular formula of anise methanolic extract comprises anethole (C10H12O), Eicosane (C20H42), Varidiflorene (C15H24), Docosane (C22H46), Pentadecane (C15H32), Nonadecane (C19H40), Butanoic acid (C15H20O3), Octacosane (C28H58), Heneicosane (C21H44), Hexadecane (C20H42) and Cyclohexane (C26H50) [66]. It has various therapeutic impacts on several conditions, such as gynaecologic, digestive, neurologic, and respiratory disorders, and also against stored-product insects [67][68][69]. It is predominately grown for its fruit and commercially named “seeds”, which are presently used for flavouring [70][71]. It has been reported that hot water extracts of the seeds have been consumed in folk medicine for their laxative and diuretic effects, their expectorant and anti-spasmodic action, and their capability to ease intestinal colic and flatulence [72]. The methods of hydrodistillation (HD), solvent extraction, steam distillation, press, Ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation (OH), ohmic heating, ultrasound, microwave extraction, and supercritical fluid can be considered as advanced and usual extraction methods [73].

3. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Basil seed is rich in fiber, nutrients, and health benefits [74][75][76][77][78]. The seeds are high in dietary fiber and thus have significant potential as a functional ingredients, and the mucilage obtained from basil seeds has been extensively studied and has notable emulsifying, thickening, foaming, viscosity, stabilizing, and gelling properties [79][80][81][82][83]. Basil seeds are not normally utilized as a food, despite the literature indicating that its consumption provides both nutritional value and significant health advantages, such as antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antioxidant, and anticancer ones [84][85]. Basil has also been extensively applied in traditional medicine in the treatment of headaches, constipation, coughs, warts, diarrhea, kidney problems, and worms [86]. Carbohydrate (60.8%), lipid (13.8%), and crude protein (13.7%) are the principle constituents of basil seed, and the residue is mainly ash and moisture. Its black seeds are oval; the length, width, and thickness are 3.22 ± 0.33 mm, 1.84 ± 0.24 mm, and 1.37 ± 0.15 mm, respectively; and the main composition of the basil seed includes carbohydrate, protein, and lipid [87][88][89]. The physical characteristics of basil seeds in Iran are 1.82 mm width, 3.11 mm length, 1.34 mm thickness [90], 1.84 mm width, 3.22 mm length, and 1.37 mm thickness [91]. The seeds from Serbia have 1.30–1.54 mm width, 2.31–2.64 mm length, and 0.99–1.14 mm thickness, and the seeds from India have 1.06 mm width and 1.97 mm length [79]. The basil plant seeds are small (2–3 mm), egg-shaped, elongated, black-colored, and generally applied in most desserts, and the seeds also contain several traditional characteristics of medicinal importance that are useful in the treatment of various medical ailments, such as ulcers, diarrhea, piles, dyspepsia, etc. [92].
Basil seed is oval in shape and black in color, with mean dimensions of 3.11 ± 0.29 mm (length), 1.34 ± 0.19 mm (height), and 1.82 ± 0.26 mm (width) [93]. The mineral components of basil seeds are Fe (2.27 mg/100 g), Mn (1.01 mg/100 g), Zn (1.58 mg/100 g), Mg (31.55 mg/100 g), Na, K, and Ca [94]. Basil seed gum is the mucopolysaccharide obtained from basil seed, and it shows a fibrillar structure connected with many globules and suggests different practical usages, including as an emulsifier, a stabilizer, a fat replacer, and a thickener [95][96][97]. Basil seed gum is a plant-derived hydrocolloid, and its high molecular weight (Mw) (2320 kDa) imparts high pseudoplastic and viscous behaviour [95]. It is identified as an anionic heteropolysaccharide, including glucomannan, and is composed of two main fractions with different molecular weights and monosaccharides units: PERBSG fraction (6000 kDa) and SUPER-BSG (1045 kDa) [98][99]. Basil seed gum has demonstrated a high flexible chain, which makes it liable to change structure by adding sugar solutions, and it has indicated random coil-to-rod conformation and no molecular entanglement at the various conditions [100][101]. Basil seed mucilage demonstrates significant chemical and physical properties, such as high water absorbing capacity as well as stabilizing and emulsifying properties [102][103][104]. The Ocimum basilicum mucilage (OBM) contains carbohydrates such as D-Galactose, D-Glucose, D-Mannose, glucomannan, L-Rhamnose, pectins, and hemicellulose materials, as well as a small amount of non-polysaccharides, such as fat, minerals, and protein [105][106][107].

4. Borage (Borago officinalis L.)

Borage is one of the most important medicinal and nutritional plants due to the occurrence of high levels of γ-linolenic acid (GLA) in its seed oil [108][109][110][111]. It is a notable garden herb of the plant family Boraginaceae, and it is freshly consumed in salads [112][113]. In addition, its oil consists of more than 60% of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and the high PUFA amount of borage oil makes it susceptible to oxidation [111]. Its seed oil is a highly emollient oil that hydrates, protects, and nourishes the skin [111][112][113]. The seed is 4–5 mm in length, and the borage seedling produces a pair of rounded, wavy-edged cotyledons, and the first true leaves are hairy with a rougher texture. It is a dark coloured seed, varying from brown to black, with a coarse and rough texture. The plant is a culinary and traditional medicinal herb native to the Mediterranean area, which is self-incompatible, and, therefore, pollinating insects are needed to transfer pollen between different plants, with at least two honey bee hives per hectare required for this process [114]. Due to its potential market for gamma linolenic acid (GLA), it has been the subject of increasing agricultural interest and different fatty acids obtained from the seeds [115]. In addition to GLA, borage seeds contain stearic, erucic, linoleic, palmitic, oleic, α-linolenic, and erucic acids [116][117][118][119]. GLA is an omega-6 essential fatty acid that has been considered as having many positive therapeutic impacts, such as the treatment of diabetes, arthritis, heart disease, atopic eczema, cyclic mastalgia, and multiple sclerosis [120][121]. Oil from plant seeds mostly includes triglycerides consisting of C16–C20 fatty acids, and triglycerides are sufficiently soluble in SC-CO2, but they are much more so in n-alkane, such as propane [122]. Borage seed oil is mostly obtained by organic solvent extraction (mainly hexane), extrusion procedures such as cold pressing and hot expelling, or a mixture of extrusion processes and solvent extraction [123].

5. Coriander (Cilantro) (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Coriander is an annual herb that belongs to family Apiaceae, and the coriander plant yields two primary products that are applied for flavoring purposes: mature seeds as the spice coriander and immature fresh green herb [124][125][126]. All parts of the plant are edible, with dried seeds and fresh leaves usually used as culinary ingredients [127][128]. It is probably one of the first species used by humanity [129][130][131]. Principle constituents in coriander are aldehydes (82.6%) followed by alcohols (16.6%). Coriander is also an appropriate source of essential fatty acids [132][133]. α-linolenic acid and Linoleic acid are found in high concentration, and both are essential fatty acids and are precursors of omega-6 fatty acids and omega-3 fatty acids, respectively [134]. The major monoterpenes of coriander are linalool followed by camphor, geraniol, and limonene [135]. The essential oils found in coriander leaves and seeds have become increasingly popular as functional foods and as substitute sources of natural preservative factors. Its essential oil has been utilized in the food industry for its flavor and aroma, or to mask displeasing odors of certain foods due to its distinctive pungent, aldehydic, and fatty aroma [136]. The major aromatic compounds are aliphatic aldehydes (mainly C10–C16 aldehydes), with a fetid-like aroma in the fresh herb oil [137]. The oil composition of the seeds can be influenced by several parameters, such as genetic structure, plant and soil macronutrient and micronutrient contents, climatic conditions, and agronomical practices [138][139][140].
The seeds of coriander are ovate globular, the length of the seed is 3–5 mm, there are many longitudinal ridges on the surface, and, when dried, the seeds are generally brown but may be green, straw-colored, or off white. The seed is usually sold sun dried and is made accessible for both whole and ground coriander, and coriander seeds have a sweet, mild, slight pungent, citrus-like flavor with a hint of sage [141]. There are three main extraction processes used to obtain vegetable oil (VO) and essential oil (EO) from coriander seeds, which are organic solvent extraction (Soxhlet), steam distillation, and supercritical fluid extraction [142]. The most cited compounds are (E)-2-decenal, decanal, (E)-2-dodecenal, (E)-2-tridecenal, dodecanal, and tetradecenal [143][144].
The coriander seeds have a satisfying flavour owing to the specific composition of the essential oil [145]. The high content of hydroxycinnamic acids was observed in ethanolic extracts achieved from exhausted coriander seeds with lowest mean particle size, and, consequently, coriander seeds, which have been identified for their rich essential oil content, could be applied for sequential production of polyphenolic-rich extracts with high antioxidant activity [146][147]. The antioxidant activity of coriander seeds is primarily related to high levels of phospholipids, carotenoids, and tocopherols [146][147][148]. Coriander seed essential oil has a significant inhibitory impact on the fungus Candida albicans [148]. The content of the essential oil of the seeds is usually influenced by coriander cultivar, weather conditions, the geographical location of the growth area, and the stage of maturity [149][150][151]. 

6. Chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.)

Chamomile belonging to the Asteraceae family, and also called German chamomile, is a medicinal plant of high economic importance in the world [152][153][154]. It is applied in perfumery, pharmaceutical, cosmetics, aromatherapy, and food and flavor industries [155][156][157][158][159]. Its seeds are one of the few types of seed that need light in order to germinate, so establishing by seed is a delicate process. Chamomile is classified mostly into five chemotypes according to the content of α-bisabolol, bisabolol oxide A and B, chamazulene, and bisabolone oxide in its essential oil [160]. The essential oil of chamomile has showed significant antioxidant, antibiotic, sedative, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, and anti-allergic activities [161][162][163][164]. Chamomile could show potent antioxidant activity because of its content of flavanols, isoflavones, flavonoids, anthocyanin, flavones, isocatechins, tannins acid, and coumarin [165][166][167][168]. Chamomile is mainly used as an infusion for anxiolytic and sedative purposes [169][170]. Utilizing chamomile in combination with Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) may be an effective technique for efficacious treatment of lung cancer [171]. It has been reported that extracts of the three essential oils of marjoram, chamomile, and Eucalyptus contain acaricidal activity against Tetranychus urticae [172]. Angelic, methacrylic acid esters, isobutyric, and pinene were the main hydro-distilled essential oil volatiles [173][174][175]. It has been reported that chamomile seed-based salvia substitute was effectual in relieving xerostomia signs [176].

7. Conclusions

Medicinal plant and herb seeds are seeds that have had a special connection to humankind since the beginning of history. In today’s world, there is worldwide identification of the importance of medicinal and aromatic plants due to their uses in the feed, food, pesticide, and cosmetics industries as well as due to their preventive and curative characteristics, which are indicated by a growing demand for medicinal and aromatic products in the markets. Anise seeds are rich in nutrients and its seeds are particularly rich in iron, and anise seed may help treat depression and reduce its symptoms. Its seeds may also help to prevent stomach ulcers and decrease unfavorable symptoms. Anethole, which is an active component in anise seed, inhibits bacterial growth, and other compounds possess potent antimicrobial properties. Anise seeds can help relieve menopause signs, balance blood sugar levels, and decrease inflammation. The basil seeds are black colored and have an oval shape, and they have been used in traditional medicine, such as antipyretic, antispasmodic, stomachic, diarrhea, as well as the treatment of ulcers, and they are rich in plant compounds, including flavonoids. In traditional medicine, borage is used in herbal medicinal science, while it is harvested as an oil seed commercially. The seeds can decrease arthritis, provide relief from respiratory issues, have tremendous benefits on improving both skin condition and cardiovascular health, are important for treatment of allergies and diseases, and are recommended to help relieve fever with anti-cancer activities. Chamomile plants are a member of the Asteraceae family, and two important common types are German chamomile and Roman chamomile. The terpenoid group, such as derivatives of acetylene and chamazulene, is the main source of antioxidants. This may help with depression and stress, improve digestion, and help to decrease pain and reduce inflammation. Chamomile also possesses strong anti-inflammatory and pain-reducing capabilities and anti-cancer activities, and, in addition, it relieves congestion and promotes skin health.

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/seeds2030022

References

  1. Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H.; Cheng, Q. Fenugreek cultivation with emphasis on historical aspects and its uses in traditional medicine and modern pharmaceutical science. Mini Rev. Med. Chem. 2021, 21, 724–730.
  2. Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H.; Cheng, Q. Natural dietary and medicinal plants with anti-obesity therapeutics activities for treatment and prevention of obesity during lock down and in post-COVID-19 era. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 7889.
  3. Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H.; Cheng, Q. Health benefits of wolfberry (Gou Qi Zi) on the basis of ancient Chinese herbalism and Western modern medicine. Avicenna J. Phytomed. 2021, 11, 109–119.
  4. Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H.; Cheng, Q. Barberry (Berberis vulgaris), a medicinal fruit and food with traditional and modern pharmaceutical uses. Isr. J. Plant Sci. 2021, 68, 61–71.
  5. Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H. Therapeutic potential of phenolic compounds in medicinal plants-natural health products for human health. Molecules 2023, 28, 1845.
  6. Shahrajabian, M.H.; Sun, W.; Cheng, Q. Different methods for molecular and rapid detection of human novel coronavirus. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2021, 27, 2893–2903.
  7. Shahrajabian, M.H.; Sun, W.; Cheng, Q. Molecular breeding and the impacts of some important genes families on agronomic traits, a review. Genet. Resour. Crops Evol. 2021, 68, 1709–1730.
  8. Das, S.; Singh, V.K.; Chaudhari, A.K.; Deepika; Dwivedy, A.K.; Dubey, N.K. Co-encapsulation of Pimpinella anisum and Coriandrum sativum essential oils based synergistic formulation through binary mixture: Physico-chemical characterization, appraisal of antifungal mechanism of action, and application as natural food preservative. Pest. Biochem. Physiol. 2022, 184, 105066.
  9. Mahboubi, M.; Mahboubi, M. Pimpinella anisum and female disorders: A review. Phytomed. Plus 2021, 1, 100063.
  10. Al-Bayati, F.A. Synergistic antibacterial activity between Thymus vulgaris and Pimpinella anisum essential oils and methanol extracts. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2008, 116, 403–406.
  11. Triapelli, C.R.; Andrade, C.R.D.; Cassano, A.O.; De Souza, F.A.; Ambrosio, S.R.; Costa, F.B.D.; Oliveira, A.M.D. Antispasmodic and relaxant effects of the hidroalcoholic extract of Pimpinella anisum (Apiaceae) on rat anococcygeus smooth muscle. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 110, 23–29.
  12. Simbar, M.; Shadipour, M.; Salamzadeh, J.; Ramezani-Tehrani, F.; Nasiri, N. The combination of Pimpinella anisum, Apium graveolens and Crocus sativus (PAC) is more effective than mefenamic acid on postpartum after-pain. J. Herb. Med. 2015, 5, 20–25.
  13. Gulcin, I.; Oktay, M.; Kirecci, E.; Kufrevioglu, O.I. Screening of antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed extracts. Food Chem. 2003, 83, 371–382.
  14. Benelli, G.; Pavela, R.; Petrelli, R.; Cappellacci, L.; Canale, A.; Senthil-Nathan, S.; Maggi, F. Not just popular spices! Essential oils from Cuminum cyminum and Pimpinella anisum are toxic to insect pests and vectors without affecting non-target invertebrates. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 124, 236–243.
  15. Hosseinzadeh, H.; Tafaghodi, M.; Abedzadeh, S.; Taghiabadi, E. Effect of aqueous and ethanolic extracts of Pimpinella anisum L. seeds on milk production in rats. J. Acupunct. Meridian Stud. 2014, 7, 211–216.
  16. Kholiya, S.; Punetha, A.; Uhan, A.C.; Venkatesha, K.T.; Kumar, D.; Upadhyay, R.K.; Padalia, R.C. Essential oil yield and composition of Ocimum basilicum L. at different phenological stages, plant density and post-harvest drying methods. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2022, 151, 919–925.
  17. Singh, V.; Kaur, K.; Kaur, S.; Shri, R.; Singh, T.G.; Singh, M. Trimethoxyflavones from Ocimum basilicum L. leaves improves long term memory in mice by modulating multiple pathways. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2022, 295, 115438.
  18. Travadi, T.; Sharma, S.; Pandit, R.; Nakrani, M.; Joshi, C.; Joshi, M. A duplex PCR assay for authentication of Ocimum basilicum L. and Ocimum tenuiflorum L. in Tulsi churna. Food Control. 2022, 137, 108790.
  19. Bajomo, E.M.; Aing, M.S.; Ford, L.S.; Niemeyer, E.D. Chemotyping of commercially available basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) varieties: Cultivar and morphotype influence phenolic acid composition and antioxidant properties. NFS J. 2022, 26, 1–9.
  20. Turkay, I.; Ozturk, L. The form, dose, and method of application of vermicompost differentiate the phenylpropene biosynthesis in the peltate glandular trichomes of methylchavicol chemotype of Ocimum basilicum L. Ind. Crops Prod. 2023, 198, 116688.
  21. Qamar, F.; Sana, A.; Naveed, S.; Faizi, S. Phytochemical characterization, antioxidant activity and antihypertensive evaluation of Ocimum basilicum L. in L-NAME induced hypertensive rats and its correlation analysis. Heliyon 2023, 9, e14644.
  22. Junaid, A.A.; Kamarudin, M.S.; Junaid, Q.O.; Edaroyati, W.P.; Isyaka, M.S.; Dauda, A.B.; Umar, D.M.; Igoli, J.O.; Amin, S.M.N. Nutrient uptake and recovery potentials of Ocimum basilicum and Corchorus olitorius in a polyculture aquaponic system. Sci. Afr. 2023, 20, e01645.
  23. Alimi, D.; Hajri, A.; Jallouli, S.; Sebai, H. Acaricidal and anthelmintic efficacy of Ocimum basilicum essential oil and its major constituents estragole and linalool, with insights on acetylcholinesterase inhibition. Vet. Parasitol. 2022, 309, 109743.
  24. Ventura, A.S.; Jeronimo, G.T.; Filho, R.A.C.C.; Souza, A.I.D.; Stringhetta, G.R.; Cruz, M.G.D.; Torres, G.D.S.; Goncalves, L.U.; Povh, J.A. Ocimum basilicum essential oils as an anesthetic for tambaqui Colossoma macropomum: Hematological, biochemical, non-specific immune parameters and energy metabolism. Aquaculture 2021, 533, 736124.
  25. Beltran-Noboa, A.; Proano-Ojeda, J.; Guevara, M.; Gallo, B.; Berrueta, L.A.; Giampieri, F.; Perez-Castillo, Y.; Battino, M.; Alvarez-Suarez, J.M.; Tejera, E. Metabolomic profile and computational analysis for the identification of the potential anti-inflammatory mechanisms of action of the traditional medicinal plants Ocimum basilicum and Ocimum tenuiflorum. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2022, 164, 113039.
  26. Nguyen, T.K.; Nguyen, T.N.L.; Nguyen, K.; Nguyen, H.V.T.; Tran, L.T.T.; Ngo, T.X.T.; Pham, P.T.V.; Tran, M.H. Machine learning-based screening of MCF-7 human breast cancer cells and molecular docking analysis of essential oils from Ocimum basilicum against breast cancer. J. Mol. Struct. 2022, 1268, 133627.
  27. Sabouri, Z.; Oskuee, R.K.; Sabouri, S.; Moghaddas, S.S.T.H.; Samarghandian, S.; Abdulabbas, H.S.; Darroudi, M. Phytoextract-mediated synthesis of Ag-doped ZnO-MgO-CaO nanocomposite using Ocimum basilicum L. seeds extract as a highly efficient photocatalyst and evaluation of their biological effects. Ceram. Int. 2023, 49, 20989–20997.
  28. Srivastava, S.; Lal, R.K.; Yadav, K.; Pant, Y.; Bawitlung, L.; Kumar, P.; Mishra, A.; Gupta, P.; Pal, A.; Rout, P.K.; et al. Chemical composition of phenylpropanoid rich chemotypes of Ocimum basilicum L. and their antimicrobial activities. Ind. Crops Prod. 2022, 183, 114978.
  29. Akhavan, N.; Parikh, K.; Salazar, G.; Arjmandi, B. The antioxidative effects of Borago officinalis in lipopolysaccharide and hydrogen peroxide-activated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Curr. Dev. Nutr. 2020, 4, nzaa045_001.
  30. Miceli, A.; Aleo, A.; Corona, O.; Sardina, M.T.; Mammina, C.; Settanni, L. Antibacterial activity of Borago officinalis and Brassica juncea aqueous extracts evaluated in vitro and in situ using different food model systems. Food Control. 2014, 40, 157–164.
  31. Avila, C.; Breakspear, I.; Hawrelak, J.; Salmond, S.; Evans, S. A systematic review and quality assessment of case reports of adverse events for borage (Borago officinalis), coltsfoot (Tussilago farfara) and comfrey (Symphytum officinale). Fitoterapia 2020, 142, 104519.
  32. Gilani, A.H.; Bashir, S.; Khan, A.-U. Pharmacological basis for the use of Borago officinalis in gastrointestinal, respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2007, 114, 393–399.
  33. Samy, M.N.; Hamed, A.N.E.-S.; Sugimoto, S.; Otsuka, H.; Kamel, M.S.; Matsunami, K. Officinlioside, a new lignan glucoside from Borago officinalis L. Nat. Prod. Res. 2016, 30, 967–972.
  34. Seo, S.A.; Park, B.; Hwang, E.; Park, S.-Y.; Yi, T.-H. Borago officinalis L. attenuates UVB-induced skin photodamage via regulation of AP-1 and Nrf2/ARE pathway in normal human dermal fibroblasts and promotion of collagen synthesis in hairless mice. Exp. Gerontol. 2018, 107, 178–186.
  35. Mohajer, S.; Taha, R.M.; Ramli, R.B.; Mohajer, M. Phytochemical constituents and radical scavenging properties of Borago officinalis and Malva sylvestris. Ind. Crops Prod. 2016, 94, 673–681.
  36. Ramandi, N.F.; Ghassempour, A.; Najafi, N.M.; Ghasemi, E. Optimization of ultrasonic assisted extraction of fatty acids from Borago officinalis L. flower by central composite design. Arab. J. Chem. 2017, 10, S23–S27.
  37. Zribi, I.; Bleton, J.; Moussa, F.; Abderrabba, M. GC-MS analysis of the volatile profile and the essential oil compositions of Tunisian Borago officinalis L.: Regional locality and organ dependency. Ind. Crops Prod. 2019, 129, 290–298.
  38. Zemmouri, H.; Ammar, S.; Boumendjel, A.; Messarah, M.; El Fekri, A.; Bouaziz, M. Chemical composition and antioxidant activity of Borago officinalis L. leaf extract growing in Algeria. Arab. J. Chem. 2019, 12, 1954–1963.
  39. Atrooz, O.; Al-Nadaf, A.; Uysal, H.; Kutlu, H.M.; Sezer, C.V. Biosynthesis of silver nanoparticles using Corianderum sativum L. extract and evaluation of their antibacterial, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive activities. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2023, 157, 219–227.
  40. Munni, Y.A.; Dash, R.; Mitra, S.; Dash, N.; Shima, M.; Moon, I.S. Mechanistic study of Coriandrum sativum on neuritogenesis and synaptogenesis based on computationally guided in vitro analyses. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2023, 306, 116165.
  41. Jeyaram, S.; Geethakrishnan, T. Spectral and third-order nonlinear optical characteristics of natural pigment extracted from Coriandrum sativum. Opt. Mater. 2020, 107, 110148.
  42. Yu, Y.; Cheng, Y.; Wang, C.; Huang, S.; Lei, Y.; Huang, M.; Zhang, X. Inhibitory effect of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) extract marinades on the formation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in roasted duck wings. Food Sci. Hum. Wellness 2023, 12, 1128–1135.
  43. Yigit, N.O.; Kocaayan, H. Efficiency of thyme (Origanum onites) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) essential oils on anesthesia and histopathology of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Aquaculture 2023, 562, 738813.
  44. Tulsani, N.J.; Hamid, R.; Jacob, F.; Umretiya, N.G.; Nandha, A.K.; Tomar, R.S.; Golakiya, B.A. Transcriptome landscaping for gene mining and SSR marker development in Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Genomics 2020, 112, 1545–1553.
  45. Souza, C.C.D.; Souza, L.Z.M.D.; Yilmaz, M.; Oliveira, M.A.D.; Bezerra, A.C.D.S.; Silva, E.F.D.; Dumont, M.R.; Machado, A.R.T. Activated carbon of Coriandrum sativum for adsorption of methylene blue: Equilibrium and kinetic modeling. Clean. Mater. 2022, 3, 100052.
  46. Wei, S.; Lyu, J.; Wei, L.; Xie, B.; Wei, J.; Zhang, G.; Li, J.; Gao, C.; Xiao, X.; Yu, J. Chemometric approaches for the optimization of headspace-solid phase microextraction to analyze volatile compounds in coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). LWT 2022, 167, 113842.
  47. Shahrajabian, M.H. Medicinal herbs with anti-inflammatory activities for natural and organic healing. Curr. Org. Chem. 2021, 25, 2885–2901.
  48. Shahrajabian, M.H.; Sun, W. Asparagus (Asparagus officinalis L.) and pennyroyal (Mentha pulegium L.), impressive advantages with wondrous health-beneficial phytochemicals. Not. Sci. Biol. 2022, 14, 11212.
  49. Shahrajabian, M.H.; Sun, W.; Cheng, Q. The importance of flavonoids and phytochemicals of medicinal plants with antiviral activities. Mini Rev. Org. Chem. 2022, 19, 293–318.
  50. Duan, X.; Li, J.; Cui, J.; Li, H.; Hasan, B.; Xin, X. Chemical component and in vitro protective effects of Matricaria chamomilla (L.) against lipopolysaccharide insult. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2022, 296, 115471.
  51. Karam, T.K.; Ortega, S.; Nakamura, T.U.; Auzely-Velty, R.; Nakamura, C.V. Development of chitosan nanocapsules containing essential oil of Matricaria chamomilla L. for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 162, 199–208.
  52. Heidarianpour, A.; Mohammadi, F.; Keshvari, M.; Mirazi, N. Ameliorative effects of endurance training and Matricaria chamomilla flowers hydroethanolic extract on cognitive deficit in type 2 diabetes rats. Biomed. Pharmacother. 2021, 135, 111230.
  53. Braga, A.S.; Simas, L.L.D.M.; Pires, J.G.; Souza, B.M.; Melo, F.P.D.S.R.; Saldanha, L.L.; Dokkedal, A.L.; Magalhaes, A.C. Antibiofilm and anti-caries effects of an experimental mouth rinse containing Matricaria chamomilla L. extract under microcosm biofilm on enamel. J. Dent. 2020, 99, 103415.
  54. Shebbo, S.; Joumaa, M.E.; Kawach, R.; Borjac, J. Hepatoprotective effect of Matricaria chamomilla aqueous extract against 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine-induced carcinogenic hepatic damage in mice. Heliyon 2020, 6, e04082.
  55. Ahmad, S.; Azhar, A.; Tikmani, P.; Rafique, H.; Khan, A.; Mesiya, H.; Saeed, H. A randomized clinical trial to test efficacy of chamomile and saffron for neuroprotective and anti-inflammatory responses in depressive patients. Heliyon 2022, 8, e10774.
  56. Tai, Y.; Ling, C.; Wang, C.; Wang, H.; Su, L.; Yang, L.; Jiang, W.; Yu, X.; Zheng, L.; Feng, Z.; et al. Analysis of terpenoid biosynthesis pathways in German chamomile (Matricara recutita) and Roman chamomle (Chamaemelum nobile) based on co-expression networks. Genomics 2020, 112, 1055–1064.
  57. Habibabad, H.Z.; Afrasiabifar, A.; Mansourian, A.; Mansourian, M.; Hosseini, N. Effect of chamomile aromatherapy with and without oxygen on pain of women in post cesarean section with spinal anesthesia: A randomized clinical trial. Heliyon 2023, 9, e15323.
  58. Habibzadeh, S.; Zohalinezhad, M.E. Antiviral activity of Matricaria chamomilla in the treatment of COVID-19: Molecular docking study. Eur. J. Integr. Med. 2021, 48, 101975.
  59. Altiparmaki, G.; Vasileiadou, M.A.; Vakalis, S. The effect of excess water on the hydrothermal carbonization of anise waste from ouzo production on Lesvos island. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 2022, 29, 100831.
  60. Ashry, A.M.; Habiba, M.M.; El-Zayat, A.M.; Hassan, A.M.; Moonmanee, T.; Doan, H.V.; Shadrack, R.S.; Dawood, M.A.O. Dietary anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) enhances growth performance and serum immunity of European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Aquac. Rep. 2022, 23, 101083.
  61. Kouznetsov, V.V.; Bohorquez, A.R.R.; Stashenko, E.E. Three-component imino Diels-Alder reaction with essential oil and seeds of anise: Generation of new tetrahydroquinolines. Tetrahedron Lett. 2007, 48, 8855–8860.
  62. Shori, A.B. Proteolytic activity, antioxidant, and α-Amylase inhibitory activity of yogurt enriched with coriander and cumin seeds. LWT 2020, 133, 109912.
  63. Iannarelli, R.; Marinelli, O.; Morelli, M.B.; Santoni, G.; Amantini, C.; Nabissi, M.; Maggi, F. Aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L.) essential oil reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines and stimulates mucus secretion in primary airway bronchial and tracheal epithelial cell lines. Ind. Crops Prod. 2018, 114, 81–86.
  64. Samojlik, I.; Mijatovic, V.; Petkovic, S.; Skrbic, B.; Bozin, B. The influence of essential oil of aniseed (Pimpinella anisum L.) on drug effects on the central nervous system. Fitoterapia 2012, 83, 1466–1473.
  65. Nikoletta, N.; Despoina, Z.; Maria, A.D.; Efimia, P.M.; Urania, M.-S.; Nikolaos, M. Anise, parsley and rocket as nematicidal soil amendments and their impact on non-target soil organisms. Appl. Soil. Ecol. 2019, 143, 17–25.
  66. Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H.; Cheng, Q. Anise (Pimpinella anisum L.), a dominant spice and traditional medicinal herb for both food and medicinal purposes. Cogent Biol. 2019, 5, 1673688.
  67. Ghazy, O.A.; Fouad, M.T.; Saleh, H.H.; Kholif, A.E.; Morsy, T.A. Ultrasound-assisted preparation of anise extract nanoemulsion and its bioactivity against different pathogenic bacteria. Food Chem. 2021, 341, 128259.
  68. Goksen, G.; Ekiz, H.I. Use of aniseed cold-pressed by-product as a food ingredient in muffin formulation. LWT 2021, 148, 111722.
  69. Willocx, M.; Beeten, I.V.D.; Asselman, P.; Delgat, L.; Baert, W.; Janssens, S.B.; Leliaert, F.; Picron, J.-F.; Vahee, C. Sorting out the plants responsible for a contamination with pyrrolizidine alkaloids in spice seeds by means of LC-MS/MS and DNA barcoding: Proof of principle with cumin and anise spice seeds. Food Chem. Mol. Sci. 2022, 4, 100070.
  70. Luna, C.; Chavez, V.H.G.; Barriga-Castro, E.D.; Nunez, N.O.; Mendoza-Resendez, R. Biosynthesis of silver fine particles and particles decorated with nanoparticles using the extract of Illicium verum (star anise) seeds. Spectrochim. Acta A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 2015, 141, 43–50.
  71. Rietjens, I.M.C.M.; Cohen, S.M.; Eisenbrand, G.; Fukushima, S.; Gooderham, N.J.; Guengerich, F.P.; Hecht, S.S.; Rosol, T.J.; Davidsen, J.M.; Harman, C.L.; et al. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Allspice, anise, fennel-derived and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2023, 174, 113643.
  72. Kreydiyyeh, S.I.; Usta, J.; Knio, K.; Markossian, S.; Dagher, S. Aniseed oil increases glucose absorption and reduces urine output in the rat. Life Sci. 2003, 74, 663–673.
  73. Jafari, R.; Zandi, M.; Ganjloo, A. Effect of ultrasound and microwave pretreatments on extraction of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed essential oil by ohmic-assisted hydrodistillation. J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 2022, 31, 100418.
  74. Lodhi, B.A.; Hussain, M.A.; Ashraf, M.U.; Haseeb, M.T.; Muhammad, G.; Farid-ul-Haq, M.; Naeem-ul-Hassan, M. Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seeds engender a smart material for intelligent drug delivery: On-Off switching and real-time swelling, in vivo transit detection, and mechanistic studies. Ind. Crops Prod. 2020, 155, 112780.
  75. Kolvari, E.; Koukabi, N.; Ozmaei, Z.; Khoshkho, H.; Seidi, F. Synthesis of 2-amino-4H-pyran and 2-benzylidene malononitrile derivatives using a basil seed as a cheap, natural and biodegradable catalyst. Curr. Res. Green. Sustain. Chem. 2022, 5, 100327.
  76. Mahdavi, H.; Marandi, A.; Karami, M.; Heidari, A.A. Efficient dye rejection using a mixed matrix polyphenylsulfone/polysulfone membrane containing basil seed mucilage hydrogel. J. Environ. Chem. Engin. 2022, 10, 108767.
  77. Nazir, S.; Wani, I.A. Fractionation and characterization of mucilage from Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seed. J. Appl. Res. Med. Aromat. Plants 2022, 31, 100429.
  78. Nosouhian, E.; Hojjatoleslamy, M.; Goli, M.; Jafari, M.; Kiani, H. The effect of periodate oxidation of basil seed gum and its addition on protein binding. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2023, 240, 124298.
  79. Mathews, S.; Singhal, R.S.; Kulkarni, P.R. Ocimum basilicum: A new non-conventional source of fiber. Food Chem. 1993, 47, 399–401.
  80. Osano, J.P.; Hosseini-Parvar, S.H.; Matia-Merino, L.; Golding, M. Emulsifying properties of a novel polysaccharide extracted from basil seed (Ocimum bacilicum L.): Effect of polysaccharide and protein content. Food Hydrocoll. 2014, 37, 40–48.
  81. Kurd, F.; Fathi, M.; Shekarchizadeh, H. Nanoencapsulation of hesperetin using basil seed mucilage nanofibers: Characterization and release modeling. Food Biosci. 2019, 32, 100475.
  82. Gahruie, H.H.; Eskandari, M.H.; Meeren, P.V.D.; Hosseini, S.M.H. Study on hydrophobic modification of basil seed gum-based (BSG) films by octenyl succinate anhydride (OSA). Carbohydr. Polym. 2019, 219, 155–161.
  83. Kim, S.Y.; Hyeonbin, O.; Lee, P.; Kim, Y.-S. The quality characteristics, antioxidant activity, and sensory evaluation of reduced-fast yogurt and nonfat yogurt supplemented with basil seed gum as a fat substitute. J. Dairy. Sci. 2020, 103, 1324–1336.
  84. Imam, H.; Lian, S.; Kasimu, R.; Rakhmanberdyeva, R.K.; Aisa, H.A. Extraction of an antidiabetic polysaccharide from seeds of Ocimum basilicum and determination of the monosaccharide composition by precolumn high-efficiency capillary electrophoresisa. Chem. Nat. Compd. 2012, 48, 653–654.
  85. Gajendiran, A.; Abraham, J.; Thangaraman, V.; Thangamani, S.; Ravi, D. Antimicroial, antioxidant and anticancer screening of Ocimum basilicum seeds. Bull. Pharm. Res. 2016, 6, 114–119.
  86. Simon, J.E.; Morales, M.R.; Phippen, W.B.; Vieira, R.F.; Hao, Z. Basil: A source of aroma compounds and a popular culinary and ornamental herb. In Perspectives on New Crops and New Uses; Janick, J., Ed.; ASHS Press: Alexandria, VA, USA, 1999; pp. 499–505.
  87. Amini, G.; Salehi, F.; Rasouli, M. Color changes and drying kinetics modeling of basil seed mucilage during infrared drying process. Inform. Process Agric. 2022, 9, 397–405.
  88. Salehi, F.; Kashaninejad, M. Statis rheological study of Ocimum basilicum seed gum. Int. J. Food Eng. 2015, 11, 97–103.
  89. Zhong, H.; Gao, X.; Zhang, X.; Chen, A.; Qiu, Z.; Kong, X.; Huang, W. Minimizing the filtration loss of water-based drilling fluid with sustaiable basil seed powder. Petroleum 2022, 8, 39–52.
  90. Hosseini-Parvar, S.; Matia-Merino, L.; Goh, K.K.; Razavi, S.; Mortazavi, S.A. Steady shear flow behavior of gum extracted from Ocimum basilicum L. seed: Effect of concentration and temperature. J. Food Eng. 2010, 101, 236–243.
  91. Razavi, S.M.; Bostan, A.; Rezaie, M. Image processing and physico-mechanical properties of basil seed (Ocimum basilicum). J. Food Process Eng. 2010, 33, 51–64.
  92. Bhadange, Y.A.; Saharan, V.K. Optimization and kinetic studies of D-galacturonic acid extraction from basil seed using different extraction techniques. Sustain. Chem. Pharm. 2023, 33, 101080.
  93. Naji-Tabasi, S.; Razavi, S.M.A. New studies on basil (Ocimum bacilicum L.) seed gum: Part II-Emulsifying and foaming characterization. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 149, 140–150.
  94. Munir, M.; Qayyum, A.; Raza, S.; Siddiqui, N.R.; Mumtaz, A.; Safdar, N.; Shible, S.; Afzal, S.; Bashir, S. Nutritional assessment of basil seeds and its utilization in development of value added beverage. Pak. J. Agric. Res. 2017, 30, 266–271.
  95. Naji-Tabasi, S.; Razavi, S.M.A. New studies on basil (Ocimum bacilicum L.) seed gum: Part III- Steady and dynamic shear rheology. Food Hydrocoll. 2017, 67, 243–250.
  96. Farahmandfar, R.; Asnaashari, M.; Salahi, M.R.; Khosravi Rad, T. Effects of basil seed gum, cress seed gum and quince seed gum on the physical, textural and rheological properties of whipped cream. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2017, 98, 820–828.
  97. Yang, Q.; Wang, Y.-R.; Du, Y.-N.; Chen, H.-Q. Heat-induced arachin and basil seed gum composite gels improved by NaCl and microbial transglutaminase: Gelling properties and structure. Food Hydrocoll. 2023, 135, 108200.
  98. Hosseini-Parvar, S.; Matia-Merino, L.; Golding, M. Effect of basil seed gum (BSG) on textural rheological and microstructural properties of model processed cheese. Food Hydrocoll. 2015, 43, 557–567.
  99. Movahedi, H.; Farahani, M.V.; Jamshidi, S. Application of hydrated basil seeds (HBS) as the herbal fiber on hole cleaning and filtration control. J. Petrol. Sci. Engin. 2017, 152, 212–228.
  100. Mirabolhassani, S.E.; Rafe, A.; Razavi, S.M.A. The influence of temperature, sucrose and lactose on dilute solution properties of basil (Ocimum basilicum) seed gum. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2016, 93, 623–629.
  101. Razi, S.M.; Motamedzadegan, A.; Matia-Merino, L.; Shahidi, S.-A.; Rashidinejad, A. The effect of pH and high-pressure processing (HPP) on the rheological properties of egg whie albumin and basil seed gum mixtures. Food Hydrocoll. 2019, 94, 399–410.
  102. Maqsood, H.; Uroos, M.; Muazzam, R.; Naz, S.; Muhammad, N. Extraction of basil seed mucilage using ionic liquid and preparation of AuNps/mucilage nanocomposite for catalytic degradation of dye. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 164, 1847–1857.
  103. Nazir, S.; Wani, I.A. Functional characterization of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.) seed mucilage. Bioact. Carbohydr. Diet. Fibre 2021, 25, 100261.
  104. Naji-Tabasi, S.; Razavi, S.M.A.; Mohebbi, M.; Malaekeh-Nikouei, B. New studies on basil (Ocimum bacilicum L.) seed gum: Part I- Fractionation, physicochemical and surface activity characterization. Food Hydrocoll. 2016, 52, 350–358.
  105. Khazaei, N.; Esmaiili, M.; Emam-Djomeh, Z. Effect of active edible coatings made by basil seed gum and thymol on oil uptake and oxidation in shrimp during deep-fat frying. Carbohydr. Polym. 2016, 137, 249–254.
  106. Rayegan, A.; Allafchian, A.; Sarsari, I.A.; Kameli, P. Synthesis and characterization of basil seed mucilage coated Fe3O4 magnetic nanoparticles as a drug carrier for the controlled delivery of cephalexin. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 113, 317–328.
  107. Lodhi, B.A.; Abbas, A.; Hussain, M.A.; Hussan, S.Z.; Sher, M.; Hussain, I. Design, characterization and appraisal of chemically modified polysaccharide based mucilage from Ocimum basilicum (basil) seeds for the removal of Cd(II) from spiked high-hardness ground water. J. Mol. Liq. 2019, 274, 15–24.
  108. Galle, A.M.; Joseph, M.; Demandre, C.; Guerche, P.; Dubacq, J.P.; Qursel, A.; Mazliak, P.; Pelletier, G.; Kader, J.C. Biosynthesis of γ-linolenic acid in developing seeds of boragae (Borago officinalis L.). Biochim. Biophys. Acta Gen. Subj. 1993, 1158, 52–58.
  109. Gomez, A.M.; Ossa, E.M.D.I. Quality of borage seed oil extracted by liquid and supercritical carbon dioxide. Chem. Eng. J. 2002, 88, 103–109.
  110. Feghhenabi, F.; Hadi, H.; Khodaverdiloo, H.; Genuchten, M.T.V. Borage (Borago officinalis L.) response to salinity at early growth stages as influenced by seed pre-treatment. Agric. Water Manag. 2021, 253, 106925.
  111. Soto, C.; Concha, J.; Zuniga, M.E. Antioxidant content of oil and defatted meal obtained from borage seeds by an enzymatic-aided cold pressing process. Process Biochem. 2008, 43, 696–699.
  112. Rehman, A.; Tong, Q.; Jafari, S.M.; Korma, S.A.; Khan, I.M.; Mohsin, A.; Manzoor, M.F.; Ashraf, W.; Mushtaq, B.S.; Zainab, S.; et al. Spray dried nanoemulsions loaded with curcumin, resveratrol, and borage seed oil: The role of two different modified starches as encapsulating materials. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2021, 186, 820–828.
  113. Sattler, M.; Muller, V.; Bunzel, D.; Kulling, S.E.; Soukup, S.T. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in borage (Borago officinalis): Comprehensive profiling and development of a validated LC-MS/MS method for quantification. Talanta 2023, 258, 124425.
  114. Galle, A.-M.; Oursel, A.; Joseph, M.; Kader, J.-C. Solubilization of membrane bound Δ12-and Δ6-fatty acid desaturases from borage seeds. Phytochemistry 1997, 45, 1587–1590.
  115. Hafid, R.E.; Blade, S.F.; Hoyano, Y. Seeding date and nitrogen fertilization effects on the performance of borage (Borago officinalis L.). Ind. Crops Prod. 2002, 16, 193–199.
  116. Gilbertson, P.K.; Berti, M.T.; Johnson, B.L. Borage cardinal germination temperatures and seed development. Ind. Crops Prod. 2014, 59, 202–209.
  117. Morteza, E.; Akbari, G.-A.; Moaveni, P.; Alahdadi, I.; Bihamta, M.-R.; Hasanloo, T.; Joorabloo, A. Compositions of the seed oil of the Borago officinalis from Iran. Nat. Prod. Res. 2015, 29, 663–666.
  118. Kawish, S.M.; Hasan, N.; Beg, S.; Qadir, A.; Jain, G.K.; Aqil, M.; Ahmad, F.J. Docetaxel-loaded borage seed oil nanoemulsion with improved antitumor activity for solid tumor treatment: Formulation development, in vitro, in silico and in vivo evaluation. J. Drug Deliv. Sci. Technol. 2022, 75, 103693.
  119. Rehman, A.; Jafari, S.M.; Tong, Q.; Karim, A.; Mahdi, A.A.; Iqbal, M.W.; Aadil, R.M.; Ali, A.; Manzoor, M.F. Role of peppermint oil in improving the oxidative stability and antioxidant capacity of borage oil-loaded nanoemulsions fabricated by modified starch. Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2020, 153, 697–707.
  120. Wettasinghe, M.; Shahidi, F. Antioxidant and free radical-scavenging properties of ethanolic extracts of defatted borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds. Food Chem. 1999, 67, 399–414.
  121. Lopez-Martinez, J.C.; Campra-Madrid, P.; Guil-Guuerrero, J.L. γ-Linolenic acid enrichment from Borago officinalis and Echium fastuosum seed oils and fatty acids by low temperature. J. Biosci. Bioeng. 2004, 97, 294–298.
  122. Dauksas, E.; Venskutonis, P.R.; Sivik, B. Supercritical fluid extraction of borage (Borago officinalis L.) seeds with pure CO2 and its mixture with caprylic acid methyl ester. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2002, 22, 211–219.
  123. Lu, T.; Gaspar, F.; Marriott, R.; Mellor, S.; Watkinson, C.; Al-Duri, B.; Seville, J.; Santos, R. Extraction of borage seed oil by compressed CO2: Effect of extraction parameters and modelling. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2007, 41, 68–73.
  124. Abdel-Salam, A.M.; Al Hemaid, W.A.; Afifi, A.A.; Othman, A.I.; Farrag, A.R.H.; Zeitoun, M.M. Consolidating probiotic with dandelion, coriander and date palm seeds extracts against mercury neurotoxicity and for maintaining normal testosterone levels in male rats. Toxicol. Rep. 2018, 5, 1069–1077.
  125. Grosso, C.; Ferraro, V.; Figueiredo, A.C.; Barroso, J.G.; Coelho, J.A.; Palavra, A.M. Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of volatile oil from Italian coriander seeds. Food Chem. 2008, 111, 197–203.
  126. Illes, V.; Daood, H.G.; Perneczki, S.; Szokonya, L.; Then, M. Extraction of coriander seed oil by CO2 and propane at super- and subcritical conditions. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2000, 17, 177–186.
  127. Moser, B.P.; Vaughn, S.F. Corianer seed oil methyl esters as biodiesel fuel: Unique fatty acid composition and excellent oxidative stability. Biomass Bioenergy 2010, 34, 550–558.
  128. Zheljazkov, V.D.; Pickett, K.M.; Caldwell, C.D.; Pincock, J.A.; Roberts, J.C.; Mapplebeck, L. Cultivar and sowing date effects on seed yield and oil composition of coriander in Atlantic Canada. Ind. Crops Prod. 2008, 28, 88–94.
  129. Sekhon, J.K.; Maness, N.O.; Jones, C.L. Effect of compressed propane extraction on storage stability of dried cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). J. Food Eng. 2016, 178, 159–169.
  130. Siddappa, S.; Basrur, V.; Rai, V.R.; Marathe, G.K. Biochemical and functional characterization of an atypical plant L-arginase from Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Int. J. Biol. Macromol. 2018, 118, 844–856.
  131. Khan, A.Z.; Ding, X.; Khan, S.; Ayaz, T.; Fidel, R.; Khan, M.A. Biochar efficacy for reduing heavy metals uptake by Cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) and spinach (Spinaccia oleracea) to minimize human health risk. Chmosphere 2020, 244, 125543.
  132. Bardsley, C.A.; Boyer, R.R.; Rideout, S.L.; Strawn, L.K. Survival of Listeria monocytogenes on the surface of basil, cilantro, dill, and parsley plants. Food Control. 2019, 95, 90–94.
  133. Pullagurala, V.L.R.; Adisa, I.O.; Rawat, S.; Kalagara, S.; Hernandez-Viezcas, J.A.; Peralta-Videa, J.R.; Gardea-Torresdey, J.L. ZnO nanoparticles increase photosynthetic pigments and decrease lipid peroxidation in soil grown cilantro (Coriandrum sativum). Plant Physiol. Biochem. 2018, 132, 120–127.
  134. Sekhon, J.K.; Maness, N.O.; Jones, C.L. Effect of preprocessing and compressed propane extraction on quality of cilantro (Coriandrum sativum L.). Food Chem. 2015, 175, 322–328.
  135. Song, E.-J.; Ko, M.-J. Extraction of monoterpenes from coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seeds using subcritical water extraction (SWE) technique. J. Supercrit. Fluids. 2022, 188, 105668.
  136. Wong, P.Y.Y.; Kitts, D.D. Studies on the dal antioxidant and antibacterial properties of parsely (Petroselinum crispum) and cilantro (Coriandrum sativum) extracts. Food Chem. 2006, 97, 505–515.
  137. Ramadan, M.F.; Wahdan, K.M.M. Blending of corn oil with black cumin (Nigella sativa) and coriander (Coriandrum sativum) seed oils: Impact on functionality, stability and radical scavenging activity. Food Chem. 2012, 132, 873–879.
  138. Beyzi, E.; Karaman, K.; Gunes, A.; Beyzi, S.B. Change in some biochemical and bioactive properties and essential oil composition of coriander seed (Coriandrum sativum L.) varieties from Turkey. Ind. Crops Prod. 2017, 109, 74–78.
  139. Marmitt, D.; Shahrajabian, M.H. Plant species used in Brazil and Asia regions with toxic properties. Phytother. Res. 2021, 2021, 4703–4726.
  140. Zekovic, Z.; Pavlic, B.; Cvetanovic, A.; Durovic, S. Supercritical fluid extraction of coriander seeds: Process optimization, chemical profile and antioxidant activity of lipid extracts. Ind. Crops Prod. 2016, 94, 353–362.
  141. Coskuner, Y.; Karababa, E. Physical properties of coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.). J. Food Engin. 2007, 80, 408–416.
  142. Mhemdi, H.; Rodier, E.; Kechaou, N.; Fages, J. A supercritical tuneable process for the selective extraction of fats and essential oil from coriander seeds. J. Food Engin. 2011, 105, 609–616.
  143. Carrubba, A.; Lombardo, A. Plant structure as a determinant of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) seed and straw yield. Eur. J. Agron. 2020, 113, 125969.
  144. Donega, M.A.; Mello, S.C.; Moraes, R.M.; Cantrell, C.L. Nutrient uptake, biomass yield and quantitative analysis of aliphatic aldehydes in cilantro plants. Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 44, 127–131.
  145. Eikani, M.H.; Golmohammad, F.; Rowshanzamir, S. Subcritical water extraction of essential oils from coriander seeds (Coriandrum sativum L.). J. Food Engin. 2007, 80, 735–740.
  146. Zekovic, Z.; Vidovic, S.; Vladic, J.; Radosavljevic, R.; Cvejin, A.; Elgndi, M.A.; Pavlic, B. Optimization of subcritical water extraction of antioxidants from Coriandrum sativum seeds by response surface methodology. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2014, 95, 560–566.
  147. Shokri, A.; Hatami, T.; Khamforoush, M. Near critical carbon dioxide extraction of anise (Pimpinella anisum L.) seed: Mathematical and artificial neural network modeling. J. Supercrit. Fluids 2011, 58, 49–57.
  148. Ghazanfari, N.; Yazdi, F.T.; Mortazavi, S.A.; Mohammadi, M. Using pulsed electric field pre-treatment to optimize coriander seeds essential oil extraction and evaluate antimicrobial properties, antioxidant activity, and essential oil compositions. LWT 2023, 182, 114852.
  149. Mandal, S.; Mandal, M. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) essential oil: Chemistry and biological activity. Asian Pac. J. Tropical Biomed. 2015, 5, 421–428.
  150. Laribi, B.; Kouki, K.; M’Hamdi, M.; Bettaieb, T. Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) and its bioactive constituents. Fitoterapia 2015, 103, 9–26.
  151. Ghazanfari, N.; Mortazavi, S.A.; Yazdi, F.T.; Mohammadi, M. Microwave-assisted hydrodistillation extraction of essential oil from coriander seeds evaluation of their composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. Heliyon 2020, 6, e04893.
  152. Mavandi, P.; Zarifi, E. Karyomorphological study and its correlation with the quantity and quality of essential oil in Iranian chamomile accessions (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Biocatal. Agric. Biotechnol. 2022, 41, 102320.
  153. Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H.; Cheng, Q. The insight and survey on medicinal properties and nutritive components of shallot. J. Med. Plant Res. 2019, 13, 452–457.
  154. Sun, W.; Shahrajabian, M.H.; Lin, M. Research progress of fermented functional foods and protein factory-microbial fermentation technology. Fermentation 2022, 8, 688.
  155. Rosol, T.J.; Cohen, S.M.; Eisenbrand, G.; Fukushima, S.; Gooderham, N.J.; Guengerich, F.P.; Hecht, S.S.; Rietjens, I.M.C.M.; Davidsen, J.M.; Harman, C.L.; et al. FEMA GRAS assessment of natural flavor complexes: Lemongrass oil, chamomile oils, citronella oil and related flavoring ingredients. Food Chem. Toxicol. 2023, 175, 113697.
  156. Shahrajabian, M.H.; Sun, W.; Soleymani, A.; Cheng, Q. Traditional herbal medicines to overcome stress, anxiety and improve mental health in outbreaks of human coronaviruses. Phytother. Res. 2020, 2020, 1237–1247.
  157. Shahrajabian, M.H.; Sun, W.; Cheng, Q. Chemical components and pharmacological benefits of Basil (Ocimum basilicum): A review. Int. J. Food Prop. 2020, 23, 1961–1970.
  158. Shahrajabian, M.H.; Sun, W.; Cheng, Q. Traditional herbal medicine for the prevention and treatment of cold and flu in the autumn of 2020, overlapped with COVID-19. Nat Prod Commun. 2020, 15, 1934578X20951431.
  159. Srivastava, J.K.; Pandey, M.; Gupta, S. Chamomile, a novel and selective COX-2 inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity. Life Sci. 2009, 85, 663–669.
  160. Katsoulis, G.I.; Kimbaris, A.C.; Anastasaki, E.; Damalas, C.A.; Kyriazopoulos, A.P. Chamomile and anise cultivation in olive agroforestry systems. Forests 2022, 13, 128.
  161. Almeida, D.J.S.; Alberton, O.; Otenio, J.K.; Carrenho, R. Growth of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) and production of essential oil stimulated by arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Rhizosphere 2020, 15, 100208.
  162. Roby, M.H.H.; Sarhan, M.A.; Selim, K.A.-H.; Khalel, K.I. Antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of essential oil and extracts of fennel (Foeniculum vulgare L.) and chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Ind. Crops Prod. 2013, 44, 437–445.
  163. Rafii, F.; Ameri, F.; Haghani, H.; Ghobadi, A. The effect of aromatherapy massage with lavender and chamomile oil on anxiety and sleep quality of patients with burns. Burns 2020, 46, 164–171.
  164. Ubessi, C.; Tedesco, S.B.; Silva, C.D.B.D.; Baldoni, M.; Krysczun, D.K.; Heinzmann, B.M.; Rosa, I.A.; Mori, N.C. Antiproliferative potential and phenolic compounds of infusions and essential oil of chamomile cultivated with homeopathy. J. Ethnopharmacol. 2019, 239, 111907.
  165. Hostetler, G.L.; Riedl, K.M.; Schwartz, S.J. Effects of food formulation and thermal processing on flavones in celery and chamomile. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 1406–1411.
  166. Salehi, A.; Tasdighi, H.; Gholamhoseini, M. Evaluation of proline, chlorophyll, soluble sugar content and uptake of nutrients in the German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under drought stress and organic fertilizer treatments. Asia Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2016, 6, 886–891.
  167. Mezaka, I.; Kronberga, A.; Nakurte, I.; Taskova, I.; Jakovels, D.; Primavera, A. Genetic, chemical and morphological variability of chamomile (Chamomilla recutita L.) populations of Latvia. Ind. Crops Prod. 2020, 154, 112614.
  168. Nasr, A.M.; Ela, S.E.-D.S.A.; Ismail, I.E.; Aldhahrani, A.; Soliman, M.M.; Alotaibi, S.S.; Bassiony, S.S.; El-Hack, M.E.A. A comparative study among dietary supplementations of antibiotic, grape seed and chamomile oils on growth performance and carcass properties of growing rabbits. Saudi J. Biol. Sci. 2022, 29, 2483–2488.
  169. Cvetanovic, A.; Zekovic, Z.; Zengin, G.; Maskovic, P.; Petronijevic, M.; Radojkovic, M. Multidirectional approaches on autofermented chamomile ligulate flowers: Antioxidant, antimicrobial, cytotoxic and enzyme inhibitory effects. S. Afr. J. Bot. 2019, 120, 112–118.
  170. Petrulova-Poracka, V.; Repcak, M.; Vilkova, M.; Imrich, J. Coumarins of Matricaria chamomilla L.: Aglycones and glycosides. Food Chem. 2013, 141, 54–59.
  171. Dadashpour, M.; Firouzi-Amandi, A.; Pourhassan-Moghaddam, M.; Maleki, M.J.; Soozangar, N.; Jeddi, F.; Nouri, M.; Zarghami, N.; Pilehvar-Soltanahmadi, Y. Biomimetic synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Matricaria chamomilla extract and their potential anticancer activity against human lung cancer cells. Mater. Sci. Eng. C 2018, 92, 902–912.
  172. Afify, A.E.-M.M.R.; Ali, F.S.; Turky, A.F. Control of Tetranychus urticae Koch by extracts of three essential oils of chamomile, marjoram and Eucalyptus. Asian Pac. J. Trop. Biomed. 2012, 2, 24–30.
  173. Baranauskiene, R.; Venskutonis, P.R.; Ragazinskiene, O. Valorisation of Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile L.) herb by comprehensive evaluation of hydrodistilled aroma and residual non-volatile fractions. Food Res. Int. 2022, 160, 111715.
  174. Ling, C.; Zheng, L.; Yu, X.; Wang, H.; Wang, C.; Wu, H.; Zhang, J.; Yao, P.; Tai, Y.; Yuan, Y. Cloning and functional analysis of three aphid alarm pheromone genes from German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.). Plant Sci. 2020, 294, 110463.
  175. Rathore, S.; Kumar, R. Agronomic interventions affect the growth, yield, and essential oil composition of German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) in the western Himalaya. Ind. Crops Prod. 2021, 171, 113873.
  176. Bozo, I.C.M.; Urzua, B.R.; Rojas, G.A.; Lefimil, C.A.; Manriquez, J.M.; Ortega, A.V.; Aitken, J.P.; Salinas, J.O. Evaluation of the efficacy of a chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla) and flax seed (Linum usitatissimum) based salvia substitute formulated for the relief of Xerostomia: A preliminary report. Oral. Surg. Oral. Med. Oral. Pathol. Oral. Radiol. 2015, 119, e169.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
ScholarVision Creations
Feedback