Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin on Muscle Health: History
View Latest Version
Please note this is an old version of this entry, which may differ significantly from the current revision.
Contributor:
Siti Liyana Saud Gany
,
Kok-Yong Chin
,
Jen Kit Tan
,
Amilia Aminuddin
,
Suzana Makpol

Sarcopenia is the progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and functions as we age. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia is underlined by oxidative stress and inflammation. As such, it is reasonable to suggest that a natural compound with both antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities could prevent sarcopenia. Curcumin, a natural compound derived from turmeric with both properties, could benefit muscle health.

  • curcumin
  • muscle health
  • skeletal muscle

1. Introduction

One in six individuals worldwide will be 60 years or older by 2030. The number of individuals 60 years and older worldwide is expected to increase from 1 billion in 2020 to 2.1 billion in 2050. By 2050, 426 million people will be 80 years or older [1]. Sarcopenia is often considered an important factor in senior frailty and mobility loss. It is characterised by decreased muscle mass, strength, and functionality with age [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. An estimation in 2019 suggested that the economic burden of sarcopenia-associated disability was USD 40.4 billion in the United States, with an average cost of USD 260 per person. These expenses include hospitalisation, nursing home admissions, and home healthcare costs [9]. In addition to disability, sarcopenia is associated with multiple comorbidities, such as osteoporosis [10], obesity [11], and type II diabetes mellitus [12].
To effectively prevent sarcopenia, it is essential to have a thorough understanding of its pathophysiology and to use this knowledge to develop appropriate treatment strategies. The pathogenesis of sarcopenia includes impaired myofiber metabolism and adverse changes to muscle satellite cells, which lead to defective myogenesis and the loss of skeletal muscle homeostasis [13]. The reductions in muscle quality and strength associated with sarcopenia are also accompanied by neurological impairments affecting motor neurons and neuromuscular junctions, which result in denervated muscle fibers [14]. Additionally, persistent low-grade inflammation, poor anabolic signaling mediated by the growth hormone (GH)/insulin growth factor-1 (IGF-1) pathway, lower protein consumption, and vitamin D deficiency all contribute to the deterioration of muscle quality with age [15][16][17].
Skeletal muscle, the body’s primary metabolic organ, requires a lot of oxygen, micronutrients, and macronutrients to generate ATP for contraction [18][19]. In fact, during vigorous exercise, skeletal muscle tissue consumes 60% of the body’s total oxygen intake. On the other hand, skeletal muscle cells continuously break down glycogen and phosphocreatine to guarantee that anaerobic energy is available [18]. Skeletal muscle ageing is related to tissue metabolism reprogramming, affecting glucose, fat, and protein use and ultimately energy production [20]. Men lose more skeletal muscle and experience an increased visceral adipose with age, while women have less capillarisation of type II glycolytic myofibers [21]. The composition of the muscle fibres has an impact on the metabolism of macronutrients in aged skeletal muscle. In fact, type II fast-twitch fibres preferentially metabolise glucose anaerobically, while type I slow-twitch fibres preferentially metabolise fatty acids and are characterised by oxidation [22]. In the ageing skeletal muscle, decreased capillarisation and decreased nutrition transport to muscle cells have been observed [23][24].
With age, aerobic capacity, which is the maximum capacity to use oxygen to meet energy needs during both rest and exercise, tends to decline. In correspondence, their skeletal muscle energy metabolism decreases [25]. The mitochondria are crucial for the bioenergetic efficiency of skeletal muscle, and mitochondrial failure is widely acknowledged as a key indicator of ageing [26]. Age-related decrease in skeletal muscle mass and strength is caused by mitochondrial dysfunction. Maintaining mitochondrial health is essential for maintaining proteostasis in skeletal muscle. So far, studies on both animals and humans have contributed to a growing body of information regarding mitochondrial dysfunction in sarcopenia [27][28][29][30][31]. Both ATP depletion and ROS/RNS excess are linked to dysfunctional mitochondria, which cause the activation of dangerous cellular pathways. Aged skeletal muscle tissue exhibits a reduction in mitochondrial bulk, tricarboxylic acid cycle enzyme activity, oxygen consumption, and ATP generation [32]. Furthermore, apoptosis is triggered by mitochondrial dysfunction, which may degrade the quality of skeletal muscle [33].
Persistent low-grade inflammation has been recently demonstrated to impact both muscle protein synthesis and breakdown through several signaling pathways, which has an impact on sarcopenia [34]. Low-grade inflammation is a symptom of cells entering the senescent phase of the cell cycle and exiting the cell cycle. The pro-inflammatory tumour necrosis factor (TNF), IL-6, and C-reactive protein (CRP) are modestly elevated in the circulation in the course of ageing [34]. In conjunction, elderly people with sarcopenia are reported to have significantly higher levels of circulating IL-6 and TNF-α [35]. It was further revealed that elevated IL-6 and CRP levels increased the risk of losing muscle strength [36]. In addition, the plasma concentrations of TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1 were reliable indicators of morbidity and mortality in senior participants in a 10-year longitudinal research study [37].
The conventional approach to sarcopenia management revolves around lifestyle changes, particularly through physical exercise and nutrition [38]. Due to growing awareness of the potential health benefits of natural products, the use of nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, and functional foods for disease prevention has been increasingly popular worldwide in recent years [39]. Given the importance of oxidative stress and inflammation in the aetiology of sarcopenia, compounds with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory characteristics have the potential to complement the current approach in treating this condition. Curcumin is one of the potential compounds with these qualities [40]. The turmeric-derived polyphenol curcumin (diferuloylmethane) has a variety of therapeutic uses. Since ancient times, turmeric has been used to relieve inflammation in traditional Chinese and Ayurvedic medicine [41]. According to recent scientific investigation, curcumin is reported to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic, antimicrobial, and anticancer properties [42][43][44][45][46]. Additionally, the precise molecular mechanisms of curcumin’s activity have been demonstrated through scientific studies [47]. Curcumin is demonstrate.

2. Therapeutic Effects of Curcumin on Muscle Health

Curcumin has been linked to a plethora of health advantages, including muscle health, in various studies [48]. Preserving muscle mass during ageing is the most important step in preventing sarcopenia. Receno et al. (2019) reported that curcumin (0.2% diet for 4 months) increased the muscular mass of supplemented rats without altering the body mass of 32-month-old male F344xBN rats, which is in line with previous studies [49][50][51][52]. In another study on contusion-induced muscular injury, 5 mg/kg body weight of curcumin for 7 days in 8-week-old male ICR mice was shown to dramatically enhance muscle mass. Similarly, curcumin supplementation boosted muscle mass but it had no discernible effect on body weight [53]. The higher skeletal muscle mass of curcumin-supplemented rats was consistent with earlier studies using various models of muscle wasting, by reducing both oxidative stress and inflammation [54][55].
The animals showed improved strength as a result of increased muscle strength. In a study, treatment of 150 mg/kg curcumin for over a period of 2 months resulted in improved muscle endurance, grip strength, and fat/lean mass ratio in 12-month-old male Sprague Dawley rats with LPS-induced sarcopenia [56]. Curcumin (40 and 80 mg/kg) administered 30 min before forced exercise for 28 days could complement exercise-based therapy to prevent muscular issues such as sarcopenia by regulating the expression of genes related to protein synthesis, apoptosis, and inflammation in chronic forced exercise executed 10-month-old ICR mice [57]. The effects of curcumin on muscle health are summarised in Table 1.
Table 1. Effects of curcumin on muscle health sarcopenia.
Author (Years) Study Design Major Findings Conclusion
Lee et al., 2021 [57] 80 and 40 mg/kg curcumin administered 30 min before forced exercise for 28 days on 10-month-old male Hsd/ICR (CD-1) mice. ↑ calf thicknesses and strengths, total body and calf protein amounts, and muscle weights in gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
↓ MDA levels and ROS contents in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle
↑ GSH contents, SOD and CAT in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle
↓ mRNA expressions in gastrocnemius and soleus muscle
↑ protein synthesis
↑muscle hypertrophic changes
↑ ATPase-immunoreactive fibers and normalised myostatin-immunoreactive fibers
↓ muscular caspase-3 and PARP immunoreactivities
↓ nitro tyrosine, 4HNE and iNOS-specific muscle fibers.		 Curcumin can improve muscle health in combination with exercise.
Appropriate dosages of curcumin for muscle health improvement require further investigation in both animals and humans.
Liang et al., 2021 [56] Sprague Dawley rats with muscle injury given 150 mg/kg curcumin (Cur-SHAP) 4 times over 42 days before being injected with LPS twice a week.
200 mg Curcumin + 200 mL ddH2O and mixed with 500 mg of SHAP particles were used in this study.		 ↑ muscle endurance as per 30-min treadmill test
Fully recover grip strength
↓ TP, CL, LDH, calcium and ALT values compared to LPS group		 Hydroxyapatite and hydrophobic surface modification are used to load curcumin for intramuscular drug administration.
This method helped rats with LPS-induced sarcopenia to regain their health.
Tsai et al., 2020 [53] 8-week-old male ICR mice given oral doses of curcumin at 10 mg/kg and 5 mg/kg BW once daily for 7 days after injury. ↑food intake in muscle injured rats
↑ muscle mass
↑ functional recovery of gait speed test
↓ serum uric acid, CK levels, MDA levels
↓ protein levels of Ikk-α/β, MPO, CD206 and myogenin
↓ disruption of muscle tissues in contusion-induced muscle injury		 Curcumin may affect inflammation, neutrophil, and satellite cell differentiation proteins.
Curcumin has potential to speed up muscle healing.
Further research is needed to determine curcumin usefulness in medicine for muscle restoration.
Sani et al., 2021 [58] Different amounts of curcuminoids were grown and given to C2C12 cells (in vitro model of muscle atrophy). ↓ Atrogin-1 gene expression
↓ MuRF-1 gene expression
↑ p-AKT		 Curcumin can prevent muscle atrophy.
These effects make them promising therapeutic agents for treating sarcopenic patients.
Gorza et al., 2021 [48] Male C57BL6J and C57BL10ScSn mice aged 18 months treated with curcumin for 6 months.
100 uL volume of 50 mg/mL curcumin in ethanol added to 1.5 mL of 100 mg/mL HPβCD in 0.15 M NaCl, 0.2 mM PBS pH 7.4 was used in this study.		 ↑ specific tetanic tension
↑ pure type 2x myofibers
↑ EDL myofibers
↓ dystrophin protein levels and further melusin amounts.
↑ SERCA1 protein levels in old soleus
↓ SERCA 1 protein levels in old EDL
↓ Tas in EDL muscles		 Curcumin can reverse some age-related changes in muscle proteins and distribution of costamere components.
Helps maintain adult muscle levels in regeneration muscles.
Increased the number of satellite cells in aged muscles.
Delays onset of muscle loss.
Receno et al., 2019 [52] Male F344xBN rats aged 32 months were fed either a diet containing 0.2% curcumin or a control diet for 4 months. ↓ Food intake
↑ Nrf2 levels in plantaris muscle
↓ 3-NT and PC levels
↑ specific peak twitch and specific tetanic tension response		 Curcumin consumption along with less food intake has positive effects on skeletal muscle in older people.
Variability in measurements may be due to the absence of curcumin at tissue or systemic levels.
Liu et al., 2016 [55] Male C57BL/6J mice aged 10–12 weeks treated with 100 mg/kg curcumin solution via IP 1 hour before ligation surgery. ↑ running capacity
↑ muscle regeneration (↑ fiber density and ↓ fibrosis)
↓ macrophage infiltration in ischemic muscle
↓ TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 in limb muscle tissue
↓ levels of NF-κB-p65		 Curcumin can inhibit activation of NF-κB in macrophages induced by LPS.
Can help improve hindlimb injury after ischemic surgery, indicating its potential use for treating PAD.
Ono et al., 2015 [54] C57BL/6J 8–10 weeks mice fed with 1500 mg/kg curcumin for 2 weeks and compared to DM group. ↓ body weight
Improve myocyte cross-sectional area
↓ ubiquitin-conjugated proteins.
↓ atrogin-1/MAFbX and MuRF-1
↓ TNF-α and IL-1β
↓ superoxide and TBARS		 Curcumin could be a useful treatment for muscle atrophy in type 1 DM.
Antioxidant properties of curcumin are not well-defined and more research is needed.
Abbreviations: ROS: reactive oxygen species; ATPase: adenosine triphosphate; IP: intraperitoneal; IM: intramuscular; LPS: lipopolysaccharide; IKK α/β: IkappaB kinase; MPO: myeloperoxidase; TNF-a: tumor necrosis alpha; IL-6: interleukin 6; PAD: peripheral arterial disease; DM: diabetes mellitus; MuRF-1: muscle ring finger; p-AKT: phosphorylation of AKT; EDL: extensor digitorum longus; TA: tubular aggregates; SERCA1: fast skeletal calcium-pump; Nrf2: nuclear factor erythroid-2 related-factor-2; 3-NT: 3-nitrotyrosine; PC: protein carbonyls; PAD: peripheral artery disease; TBARS: thibarbituric acid reactive substances; Cur-SHAP: curcumin-loaded HAP (hydroxyapatite); TP: total protein; CK: creatine kinase; LDH: lactate dehydrogenase; Ca: calcium; ALT: alanine aminotransferase; HPβCD: hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrins; PBS: phosphate buffer. (↑: increase; ↓: decrease).

This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/nu15112526

References

  1. World Health Organization. Ageing and Health; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2022.
  2. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Baeyens, J.P.; Bauer, J.M.; Boirie, Y.; Cederholm, T.; Landi, F.; Martin, F.C.; Michel, J.-P.; Rolland, Y.; Schneider, S.M.; et al. Sarcopenia: European consensus on definition and diagnosisReport of the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People. Age Ageing 2010, 39, 412–423.
  3. Muscaritoli, M.; Anker, S.; Argilés, J.; Aversa, Z.; Bauer, J.; Biolo, G.; Boirie, Y.; Bosaeus, I.; Cederholm, T.; Costelli, P. Consensus definition of sarcopenia, cachexia and pre-cachexia: Joint document elaborated by Special Interest Groups (SIG) “cachexia-anorexia in chronic wasting diseases” and “nutrition in geriatrics”. Clin. Nutr. 2010, 29, 154–159.
  4. Fielding, R.A.; Vellas, B.; Evans, W.J.; Bhasin, S.; Morley, J.E.; Newman, A.B.; van Kan, G.A.; Andrieu, S.; Bauer, J.; Breuille, D. Sarcopenia: An undiagnosed condition in older adults. Current consensus definition: Prevalence, etiology, and consequences. International working group on sarcopenia. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2011, 12, 249–256.
  5. Morley, J.E.; Abbatecola, A.M.; Argiles, J.M.; Baracos, V.; Bauer, J.; Bhasin, S.; Cederholm, T.; Coats, A.J.S.; Cummings, S.R.; Evans, W.J. Sarcopenia with limited mobility: An international consensus. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2011, 12, 403–409.
  6. Chen, L.-K.; Liu, L.-K.; Woo, J.; Assantachai, P.; Auyeung, T.-W.; Bahyah, K.S.; Chou, M.-Y.; Chen, L.-Y.; Hsu, P.-S.; Krairit, O. Sarcopenia in Asia: Consensus report of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc. 2014, 15, 95–101.
  7. Studenski, S.A.; Peters, K.W.; Alley, D.E.; Cawthon, P.M.; McLean, R.R.; Harris, T.B.; Ferrucci, L.; Guralnik, J.M.; Fragala, M.S.; Kenny, A.M.; et al. The FNIH sarcopenia project: Rationale, study description, conference recommendations, and final estimates. J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci. 2014, 69, 547–558.
  8. Cruz-Jentoft, A.J.; Bahat, G.; Bauer, J.; Boirie, Y.; Bruyère, O.; Cederholm, T.; Cooper, C.; Landi, F.; Rolland, Y.; Sayer, A.A. Sarcopenia: Revised European consensus on definition and diagnosis. Age Ageing 2019, 48, 16–31.
  9. Goates, S.; Du, K.; Arensberg, M.; Gaillard, T.; Guralnik, J.; Pereira, S.L. Economic impact of hospitalizations in US adults with sarcopenia. J. Frailty Aging 2019, 8, 93–99.
  10. Gillette-Guyonnet, S.; Nourhashemi, F.; Lauque, S.; Grandjean, H.; Vellas, B. Body composition and osteoporosis in elderly women. Gerontology 2000, 46, 189–193.
  11. Baumgartner, R.N. Body composition in healthy aging. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2000, 904, 437–448.
  12. Castaneda, C.; Bermudez, O.I.; Tucker, K.L. Protein nutritional status and function are associated with type 2 diabetes in Hispanic elders. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 2000, 72, 89–95.
  13. Riuzzi, F.; Sorci, G.; Arcuri, C.; Giambanco, I.; Bellezza, I.; Minelli, A.; Donato, R. Cellular and molecular mechanisms of sarcopenia: The S100B perspective. J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018, 9, 1255–1268.
  14. Kwon, Y.N.; Yoon, S.S. Sarcopenia: Neurological point of view. J. Bone Metab. 2017, 24, 83–89.
  15. Junnila, R.K.; List, E.O.; Berryman, D.E.; Murrey, J.W.; Kopchick, J.J. The GH/IGF-1 axis in ageing and longevity. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol. 2013, 9, 366–376.
  16. Franceschi, C.; Campisi, J. Chronic inflammation (inflammaging) and its potential contribution to age-associated diseases. J. Gerontol. Ser. A Biomed. Sci. Med. Sci. 2014, 69, S4–S9.
  17. Dennison, E.M.; Sayer, A.A.; Cooper, C. Epidemiology of sarcopenia and insight into possible therapeutic targets. Nat. Rev. Rheumatol. 2017, 13, 340–347.
  18. Westerblad, H.; Bruton, J.D.; Katz, A. Skeletal muscle: Energy metabolism, fiber types, fatigue and adaptability. Exp. Cell Res. 2010, 316, 3093–3099.
  19. Rodríguez-Cano, A.M.; Calzada-Mendoza, C.C.; Estrada-Gutierrez, G.; Mendoza-Ortega, J.A.; Perichart-Perera, O. Nutrients, Mitochondrial Function, and Perinatal Health. Nutrients 2020, 12, 2166.
  20. Biolo, G.; Cederholm, T.; Muscaritoli, M. Muscle contractile and metabolic dysfunction is a common feature of sarcopenia of aging and chronic diseases: From sarcopenic obesity to cachexia. Clin. Nutr. 2014, 33, 737–748.
  21. Marcus, R.; Addison, O.; Kidde, J.; Dibble, L.; Lastayo, P. Skeletal muscle fat infiltration: Impact of age, inactivity, and exercise. J. Nutr. Health Aging 2010, 14, 362–366.
  22. Croley, A.N.; Zwetsloot, K.A.; Westerkamp, L.M.; Ryan, N.A.; Pendergast, A.M.; Hickner, R.C.; Pofahl, W.E.; Gavin, T.P. Lower capillarization, VEGF protein, and VEGF mRNA response to acute exercise in the vastus lateralis muscle of aged vs. young women. J. Appl. Physiol. 2005, 99, 1872–1879.
  23. Coggan, A.R.; Spina, R.J.; King, D.S.; Rogers, M.A.; Brown, M.; Nemeth, P.M.; Holloszy, J.O. Skeletal muscle adaptations to endurance training in 60-to 70-yr-old men and women. J. Appl. Physiol. 1992, 72, 1780–1786.
  24. Proctor, D.N.; Sinning, W.E.; Walro, J.; Sieck, G.C.; Lemon, P. Oxidative capacity of human muscle fiber types: Effects of age and training status. J. Appl. Physiol. 1995, 78, 2033–2038.
  25. McGregor, R.A.; Cameron-Smith, D.; Poppitt, S.D. It is not just muscle mass: A review of muscle quality, composition and metabolism during ageing as determinants of muscle function and mobility in later life. Longev. Healthspan 2014, 3, 9.
  26. López-Otín, C.; Blasco, M.A.; Partridge, L.; Serrano, M.; Kroemer, G. The hallmarks of aging. Cell 2013, 153, 1194–1217.
  27. Callahan, D.M.; Bedrin, N.G.; Subramanian, M.; Berking, J.; Ades, P.A.; Toth, M.J.; Miller, M.S. Age-related structural alterations in human skeletal muscle fibers and mitochondria are sex specific: Relationship to single-fiber function. J. Appl. Physiol. 2014, 116, 1582–1592.
  28. Carter, H.N.; Kim, Y.; Erlich, A.T.; Zarrin-khat, D.; Hood, D.A. Autophagy and mitophagy flux in young and aged skeletal muscle following chronic contractile activity. J. Physiol. 2018, 596, 3567–3584.
  29. Chen, C.C.W.; Erlich, A.T.; Crilly, M.J.; Hood, D.A. Parkin is required for exercise-induced mitophagy in muscle: Impact of aging. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab. 2018, 315, E404–E415.
  30. Yeo, D.; Kang, C.; Gomez-Cabrera, M.C.; Vina, J.; Ji, L.L. Intensified mitophagy in skeletal muscle with aging is downregulated by PGC-1alpha overexpression in vivo. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 2019, 130, 361–368.
  31. Herbst, A.; Lee, C.C.; Vandiver, A.R.; Aiken, J.M.; McKenzie, D.; Hoang, A.; Allison, D.; Liu, N.; Wanagat, J. Mitochondrial DNA deletion mutations increase exponentially with age in human skeletal muscle. Aging Clin. Exp. Res. 2021, 33, 1811–1820.
  32. Marzetti, E.; Calvani, R.; Cesari, M.; Buford, T.W.; Lorenzi, M.; Behnke, B.J.; Leeuwenburgh, C. Mitochondrial dysfunction and sarcopenia of aging: From signaling pathways to clinical trials. Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol. 2013, 45, 2288–2301.
  33. Marzetti, E.; Leeuwenburgh, C. Skeletal muscle apoptosis, sarcopenia and frailty at old age. Exp. Gerontol. 2006, 41, 1234–1238.
  34. Dalle, S.; Rossmeislova, L.; Koppo, K. The role of inflammation in age-related sarcopenia. Front. Physiol. 2017, 8, 1045.
  35. Bian, A.-L.; Hu, H.-Y.; Rong, Y.-D.; Wang, J.; Wang, J.-X.; Zhou, X.-Z. A study on relationship between elderly sarcopenia and inflammatory factors IL-6 and TNF-α. Eur. J. Med. Res. 2017, 22, 25.
  36. Schaap, L.A.; Pluijm, S.M.; Deeg, D.J.; Visser, M. Inflammatory markers and loss of muscle mass (sarcopenia) and strength. Am. J. Med. 2006, 119, 526.e9–526.e17.
  37. Baylis, D.; Bartlett, D.B.; Syddall, H.E.; Ntani, G.; Gale, C.R.; Cooper, C.; Lord, J.M.; Sayer, A.A. Immune-endocrine biomarkers as predictors of frailty and mortality: A 10-year longitudinal study in community-dwelling older people. Age 2013, 35, 963–971.
  38. Denison, H.J.; Cooper, C.; Sayer, A.A.; Robinson, S.M. Prevention and optimal management of sarcopenia: A review of combined exercise and nutrition interventions to improve muscle outcomes in older people. Clin. Interv. Aging 2015, 10, 859–869.
  39. Kunnumakkara, A.B.; Sailo, B.L.; Banik, K.; Harsha, C.; Prasad, S.; Gupta, S.C.; Bharti, A.C.; Aggarwal, B.B. Chronic diseases, inflammation, and spices: How are they linked? J. Transl. Med. 2018, 16, 125–129.
  40. Alamdari, N.; O’Neal, P.; Hasselgren, P.O. Curcumin and muscle wasting: A new role for an old drug? Nutrition 2009, 25, 125–129.
  41. Shishodia, S.; Sethi, G.; Aggarwal, B.B. Curcumin: Getting back to the roots. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 2005, 1056, 206–217.
  42. Mahady, G.; Pendland, S.; Yun, G.; Lu, Z. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) and curcumin inhibit the growth of Helicobacter pylori, a group 1 carcinogen. Anticancer Res. 2002, 22, 4179–4181.
  43. Reddy, R.C.; Vatsala, P.G.; Keshamouni, V.G.; Padmanaban, G.; Rangarajan, P.N. Curcumin for malaria therapy. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 2005, 326, 472–474.
  44. Vera-Ramirez, L.; Pérez-Lopez, P.; Varela-Lopez, A.; Ramirez-Tortosa, M.; Battino, M.; Quiles, J.L. Curcumin and liver disease. Biofactors 2013, 39, 88–100.
  45. E Wright, L.; B Frye, J.; Gorti, B.; N Timmermann, B.; L Funk, J. Bioactivity of turmeric-derived curcuminoids and related metabolites in breast cancer. Curr. Pharm. Des. 2013, 19, 6218–6225.
  46. Lestari, M.L.; Indrayanto, G. Curcumin. Profiles Drug Subst. Excip. Relat. Methodol. 2014, 39, 113–204.
  47. Gupta, S.C.; Patchva, S.; Aggarwal, B.B. Therapeutic roles of curcumin: Lessons learned from clinical trials. AAPS J. 2013, 15, 195–218.
  48. Gorza, L.; Germinario, E.; Tibaudo, L.; Vitadello, M.; Tusa, C.; Guerra, I.; Bondì, M.; Salmaso, S.; Caliceti, P.; Vitiello, L. Chronic Systemic Curcumin Administration Antagonizes Murine Sarcopenia and Presarcopenia. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22, 11789.
  49. Kawamori, T.; Lubet, R.; Steele, V.E.; Kelloff, G.J.; Kaskey, R.B.; Rao, C.V.; Reddy, B.S. Chemopreventive effect of curcumin, a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, during the promotion/progression stages of colon cancer. Cancer Res. 1999, 59, 597–601.
  50. Asai, A.; Miyazawa, T. Occurrence of orally administered curcuminoid as glucuronide and glucuronide/sulfate conjugates in rat plasma. Life Sci. 2000, 67, 2785–2793.
  51. Öner-İyidoğan, Y.; Tanrıkulu-Küçük, S.; Seyithanoğlu, M.; Koçak, H.; Doğru-Abbasoğlu, S.; Aydın, A.F.; Beyhan-Özdaş, Ş.; Yapışlar, H.; Koçak-Toker, N. Effect of curcumin on hepatic heme oxygenase 1 expression in high fat diet fed rats: Is there a triangular relationship? Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol. 2014, 92, 805–812.
  52. Receno, C.N.; Liang, C.; Korol, D.L.; Atalay, M.; Heffernan, K.S.; Brutsaert, T.D.; DeRuisseau, K.C. Effects of prolonged dietary curcumin exposure on skeletal muscle biochemical and functional responses of aged male rats. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2019, 20, 1178.
  53. Tsai, S.-W.; Huang, C.-C.; Hsu, Y.-J.; Chen, C.-J.; Lee, P.-Y.; Huang, Y.-H.; Lee, M.-C.; Chiu, Y.-S.; Tung, Y.-T. Accelerated Muscle Recovery After In Vivo Curcumin Supplementation. Nat. Prod. Commun. 2020, 15, 1934578X20901898.
  54. Ono, T.; Takada, S.; Kinugawa, S.; Tsutsui, H. Curcumin ameliorates skeletal muscle atrophy in type 1 diabetic mice by inhibiting protein ubiquitination. Exp. Physiol. 2015, 100, 1052–1063.
  55. Liu, Y.; Chen, L.; Shen, Y.; Tan, T.; Xie, N.; Luo, M.; Li, Z.; Xie, X. Curcumin ameliorates ischemia-induced limb injury through immunomodulation. Med. Sci. Monit. Int. Med. J. Exp. Clin. Res. 2016, 22, 2035.
  56. Liang, Y.-J.; Yang, I.-H.; Lin, Y.-W.; Lin, J.-N.; Wu, C.-C.; Chiang, C.-Y.; Lai, K.-H.; Lin, F.-H. Curcumin-Loaded Hydrophobic Surface-Modified Hydroxyapatite as an Antioxidant for Sarcopenia Prevention. Antioxidants 2021, 10, 616.
  57. Lee, D.-Y.; Chun, Y.-S.; Kim, J.-K.; Lee, J.-O.; Ku, S.-K.; Shim, S.-M. Curcumin attenuates sarcopenia in chronic forced exercise executed aged mice by regulating muscle degradation and protein synthesis with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. J. Agric. Food Chem. 2021, 69, 6214–6228.
  58. Sani, A.; Hasegawa, K.; Yamaguchi, Y.; Panichayupakaranant, P.; Pengjam, Y. Inhibitory effects of curcuminoids on dexamethasone-induced muscle atrophy in differentiation of C2C12 cells. Phytomed. Plus 2021, 1, 100012.
More
© Text is available under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms and Conditions and Privacy Policy.
This entry is offline, you can click here to edit this entry!
Video Production Service
Feedback