Parkinson’s disease (PD) is the second most common inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder after dementia. Preclinical and epidemiological data strongly suggest that chronic neuroinflammation slowly induces neuronal dysfunction. Activated microglia secrete several neurotoxic substances, such as chemokines and proinflammatory cytokines, which may promote blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeabilization.
Clinical Trials | Blood Markers | Related Symptoms |
---|---|---|
Alrafiah et al. [55] | IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α | |
Andican et al. [39] | CRP, ICAM-1 | |
Bagheri et al. [73] | CXCL 12, CXCR4 | |
Baran et al. [46] | CRP, HMGB1 | |
Brockmann et al. [52] | FABP, IL-10, IL-12p40, SCF, BDNF | |
Calvani et al. [65] | MIP-1α, MIP-1β, IL-8, IL-9 | |
Carvalho et al. [74] | S100B * | nonmotor |
Chatterjee et al. [57] | IL-1β, NLRP3 | |
Csencsits-Smith et al. [71] | MCP-1, IP-10, TNF-α | |
Delgado-Alvarado et al. [62] | IL-6 * | motor, nonmotor |
Dommershuijsen et al. [48] | CRP | |
Dufek et al. [75] | IL-6 * | mortality |
Dumitrescu et al. [76] | calprotectin | |
Eidson et al. [69] | IL-8 *, IFN-γ, NGAL, TNF-α | motor, nonmotor |
Fan et al. [58] | IL-1β *, NLRP3 | motor, nonmotor |
Green et al. [77] | IL-6 *, IL-17A *, TNF-α, TGF-β | motor, nonmotor |
Gupta et al. [78] | Fractakine *, 3-NT * | motor |
Gupta et al. [27] | IL-8, TNF- α | |
Herlofson et al. [79] | IL1-Ra *, VCAM-1 * | nonmotor |
Hu et al. [50] | IL-1β, TNF-α | |
Jin et al. [47] | CRP | |
Karpenko et al. [53] | IL-1β, IL-1Ra, IL-6, IL-10 *, TNF-α * | nonmotor |
Kim et al. [43] | CRP, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10 *, TNF-α | nonmotor |
King et al. [44] | CRP, IL-2 *, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α | motor |
Kouchaki et al. [72] | IL-27 *, TNF-α * | motor |
Koziorowski et al. [49] | IL-1β, IL-6 *, IL-10, IL-12, TNF-α, NT-proCNP | motor |
Kwiatek-Majkusiak et al. [63] | IL-6 | |
Lerche et al. [80] | FABP *, TNF-α *, CA-125 *, BDNF* | motor, nonmotor |
Lian et al. [56] | IL-1β, IL-6 * | motor |
Lin et al. [66] | IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-13, IL-18, IFN-γ, TNF-α | |
Lindqvist et al. [26] | CRP, IL-6 *, sIL-2R, TNF-a | nonmotor |
Mahlknecht et al. [59] | MCP-4, ICAM-1, IL-2, IL-6, Leptin, PDGF-BB, prolactin, RANTES | |
Martin-Ruiz et al. [70] | CRP *, IL-6 *, IL-10, TNF-α | nonmotor |
Miliukhina et al. [64] | MCP-1, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, IL-21, IL-23, INF-γ, TNF-α | |
Milyukhina et al. [51] | IL-1β *, IL-6, IL-10 *, TNF-α * | nonmotor |
Pereira et al. [81] | IL-6 * | nonmotor |
Perner et al. [82] | VCAM-1 * | motor |
Rathnayake et al. [67] | IL-10, IFN-γ, TNF-α | |
Rocha et al. [54] | IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, TNF-α | |
Rocha et al. [83] | sTNFR1 *, sTNFR2 * | nonmotor |
Roy et al. [84] | NLRP3 | |
Santos-Garcia et al. [45] | CRP* | motor |
Sawada et al. [85] | CRP* | nonmotor |
Schroder et al. [60] | IL-2, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-9, IL10, IL-13, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-21, IL-22, IFN-γ, TNF-α, 1111, CCL17, CCL20, CXCL1, CXCL5, CXCL9, CXCL11, IL-8, IP-10, MCP-1, MIP-1α, MIP-1β, RANTES |
|
Sun et al. [86] | C3 *, C4 | nonmotor |
Tang et al. [61] | RANTES *, IL-6 * | motor |
Ton et al. [38] | CRP, IL-6 | |
Umemura et al. [87] | CRP * | motor |
Usenko et al. [68] | MCP-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10*, INF-γ, TNF-α * | nonmotor |
Vesely et al. [23] | C3 *, C4*, IL-6 * | nonmotor |
Vesely et al. [88] | C3 * | nonmotor |
Wang et al. [42] | CRP *, IL-1β, sIL-2R *, IL-6, IFN-γ, TNF-α* | nonmotor |
Yang et al. [89] | IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, IL-23, TGF-β | |
Yilmaz et al. [90] | IL-12p40 * | motor, nonmotor |
This entry is adapted from the peer-reviewed paper 10.3390/diagnostics13040693