Diabetic foot ulcer (DFU) is a multifactorial disease and one of the complications of diabetes. The global burden of DFU in the health sector is increasing at a tremendous rate due to its cost management related to hospitalization, medical costs and foot amputation. Hence, to manage DFU/DWs, various attempts have been made, including treating wounds systematically/topically using synthetic drugs, herbal drugs, or tissue engineering based surgical dressings. However, less attention has been paid to the intrinsic factors that are also the leading cause of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. One such factor is gut dysbiosis, which is one of the major causes of enhancing the counts of Gram-negative bacteria. These bacteria produce lipopolysaccharides, which are a major contributing factor toward insulin resistance and inflammation due to the generation of oxidative stress and immunopathy.
Probiotic Strain | Assay | Results | References |
---|---|---|---|
Antioxidant effect | |||
Bacillus amyloliquefaciens, Starmerella bombicola, and Lactobacillus brevis |
DPPH, ABTS |
|
[11][14] |
Bifidobacterium breve, Rhamnosus GG, Probionebacterium freudenreichii and Lactobacillus retueria, | DPPH, ABTS |
|
[12][15] |
BS1, BS2, BV | TAOC, MDA, SOD |
|
[13][16] |
Enterococcus faecium | DPPH, Superoxide, Hydroxyl scavenging assay |
|
[14][17] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus | DPPH |
|
[6][9] |
Lactobacillus plantarum, Lactobacillus rhamnosus, Lactobacillus casei, | DPPH |
|
[15][18] |
Lactobacillus plantarum DM5 | DPPH, Superoxide anion, Hydroxyl |
|
[16][19] |
Lactobacillus paracasei A-4, Lactobacillus plantarum A-7, Lactobacillus paracasei BL-12, Lactobacillus paracasei DU-8, Lactococcus lactis T-8 | DPPH |
|
[17][20] |
Anti-inflammatory | |||
Probiotic strain | Design/ participants |
Results | References |
Bifidobacterium animalis ssp. lactis 420 (900 billion CFU/day) |
Randomized/50 |
|
[18][21] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium BB-12 (106 CFU/g each) |
Randomized double-blind/210 |
|
[19][22] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus fermentum (2 × 109 CFU/g each) | Randomized double-blind/48 |
|
[20][23] |
Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus infantis, Bifidobacterium bifidum, Lactobacillus fermentum and Bifidobacterium longum (6 billion CFU each) | Randomized double-blind/ 52 |
|
[21][24] |
Lactobacillus plantarum OLL2712 (5 × 109 CFU) | Randomized/ 130 |
|
[22][25] |
Immunomodulatory effect | |||
Probiotics strain | Animal model/other | Results | References |
Bifidobacterium longum KACC 91563(100 billion CFU/g) | Male BALB/c mice |
|
[23][26] |
Bifidobacterium longum CCUG 52486 (5 × 108 CFU/day) | Human |
|
[24][27] |
Lactobacillus casei Shirota (1.3 × 1010 CFU/day) | Human |
|
[25][28] |
Lactobacillus casei; CRL 431 (109 cells/day) | Female BALB/c mice |
|
[26][29] |
Limosilactobacillus fermentum (109 CFU/mL) |
Female Balb/c mice |
|
[27][30] |
Antidiabetic effect | |||
Probiotic strain | Animal model | Results | References |
Lactobacillus casei (4.0 × 109 CFU/rat/day) |
Rat |
|
[28][31] |
Lactobacillus casei and Bifidio bifidum (1 × 107 cfu/mL) | Wistar rat |
|
[29][32] |
Lactobacillus.casei (109 CFU/mL) | Mice |
|
[30][33] |
Lactobacillus casei CCFM419 (109 CFU) | Mice |
|
[31][34] |
Lactobacillus. Gasseri (6 × 107 cfu/g) | Rat |
|
[32][35] |
Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM0236 (8 × 109 cfu/mL) | Mice |
|
[33][36] |
Lactobacillus.plantarum, strain Ln4 (5 × 108 cfu/day) | Male mice |
|
[34][37] |
Lactobacillus.plantarum MTCC5690 and Lactobacillus fermentum MTCC5689 (1.5 × 109 colonies/day) | C57BL/6J male mice |
|
[35][38] |
Lactobacillus.rhamnoss, Lactobacillus.acidophilus, Bifidio bifidumi (6 × 108 CFU each) | Mice |
|
[36][39] |