Antityrosinase

Leaf

n/a

In vitro

IC50 = 17.68 ± 5.3 μg/mL

Inhibit mushroom tyrosinase

^[40][63]

(2R)-7,3′,4′-trihydroxy-6-prenylflavanone

Leaf

^[7][32]

n/a

In vitro

3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone

^[8][33]

Broussonetones A-C

In vitro

3,4-dihydroxyisolonchocarpin

[

62

]

66.67~666.67 μg/mL

IC50 = 0.317 ~ 0.323 mM

Inhibit mushroom tyrosinase

Isogemichalcone C

^[

³⁹

^]

[

62

]

Inhibit mushroom tyrosinase

^[

^41][64]

Leaf

^[

³⁷

^][60]

^[9][10][11][34,35,36]

Twig

Broussoflavonol F, 3,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxy-3′-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl)flavone, uralenol, quercetin

In vitro

IC50 = 49.5~96.6 μM

Inhibit mushroom tyrosinase

^[25][48]

3′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavane

Root

^[8][9][11]][33,34^[,36^12],37^[13],38^[14,39]

Broussoflavonol B/F/H-K, papyriflavonol A, isolicofavonol, glycyrrhiza flavonol

In vitro

IC50 = 9.29~31.74 μM

Inhibit mushroom tyrosinase

^[15

4-hydroxyisolonchocarpin

^{[9][10][11][13]}[34,35,36,38]

7,8-dihydroxy-6-(3-methylbut-2-en-1-yl)-2H-chromen-2-one

^[15][40]

8-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-5′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflanvonol

^[7][8][[16][32^11][12],33,36,37,41]

^]

[

40

]

Brossoflurenone A

^[16][41]

Brossoflurenone B

^[16][41]

Betulin

^[17][42]

Betulinic acid

^[17][42]

Broussoaurone A

^[18][43]

Broussochalcone A

^{[7][8][9][10]19]}[25,32,33,34^[11][13][,35¹⁴,36^],38^[,39]

Broussochalcone B

^[9][10][[13][34^11][12],35,36,37

Anti-inflammatory

Bark

n/a

RAW264.7 cells

10~200 μg/mL

Inhibit NO and iNOS production

^[42][24]

Bark

n/a

RAW264.7 cells

10~80 μg/mL

Inhibit production of NO, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β

^[43][65]

Fruit

8,11-octadecadienic acid, palmitic acid, linolenic acid, 8-octadecenoic

acid, stearic acid, oleic acid

RAW264.7 cells

6~100 μg/mL

Reduce NO production

^[30][53]

Root

Broussoflavonol B, kazinol J

Mice, 3T3-L1 adipocytes

40 mg/kg,

3~40 μg/mL

Decrease TNF-α-induced inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway via AMPK activation

^[44][66]

Root

(2R)-7,3′,4′-trihydroxy-6-prenylflavanone, broussochalcone C, broussoflavanonol A/B, kazinol V/W

RAW264.7 cells

2.5~40 μM

Inhibit production of NO, iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6

^[7][32]

Root

Broussochalcone A

RAW264.7 cells

1~20 μM

Inhibit production of NO, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β

^[45][67]

Branch, twig

Kazinol M, broussoflavonol A/B

THP-1 cells

1 μM

Reduce production of IL-1β and TNF-α by suppressing NF-κB/AP-1 activation

^[26][49]

Root

Broussoflavonol H

Jurkat cells

IC50 = 9.95 μM

Decrease IL-2 production

^[15][40]

Root, fruit

Betulin, betulinic acid

Rat

0.6, 1, 2 g/kg

Reduce edema

^[17][42]

,38]

Root

Broussochalcone A, papyriflavonol A

Rat, MH-S cells

200 mg/kg,

5~50 μg/mL

Combined with Lonicera japonica to inhibit the production of NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 in macrophages, reduce pleural cavity inflammation and bronchitis

^[46][68]

Broussochalcone C

^[

n/a

^7][32]

Papyriflavonol A

Rat

12.5~50 mg/kg

Inhibit IgE-induced passive cutaneous anaphylaxis

^[47][69]

Broussocoumarin A

^[15][40]

Antioxidant

Leaf

4-Caffeoylquinic acid, 5-Caffeoylquinic acid, apigenin-7-O-glucuronide, isovitexin, luteolin-7-O-glucuronide, orientin, vitexin

1~10 mM

In vitro

Radical-scavenging activities in DPPH and ABTS assays

^[36][59]

Broussoflavan A

^{[7][9][11][13][14][18]}[32,34,36,38,39,43]

Luteolin, luteoloside, orientin, isoorientin

10 μg/mL

In vitro

Radical-scavenging activities in DPPH and ABTS assays

^[38][61]

Broussoflavanonol A

Leaf

^[7][32]

Broussonetones A−C, apigenin, vitexin

IC50 = 43.89~107.7 μM

In vitro

Antioxidant effects in SOD-like effect assays

^[37][60]

Broussoflavonol B

^[7][11][15][32^[,36¹⁶,40^],

Root

41]

n/a

0.1~2.5 mg/mL

SH-SY5Y cells

Decrease extracellular

peroxide levels, improve activities of SOD, CAT, glutathione peroxidase, and glutathione reductase

^[48][70]

Broussoflavonol C

^[

Bark, wood

^7][32]

Epicatechin, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, quercetin, kaempferol

10~50 mg/mL

In vitro

Superoxide anion radical and hydroxyl radical scavenging activities

^[24][26]

Broussoflavonol F

^[15][18][40,43]

Flower

n/a

0.5~5 mg/mL

In vitro

Scavenging activity of DPPH radical

^[4][29]

Broussoflavonol G

Fruit

^[18][43]

2-(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane-1,3-diol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, 3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid, arbutine, dihydroconiferyl alcohol, coniferyl alcohol, ferulic acid, p-coumaraldehyde, cis-syringin, cis-coniferin, erythro1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycerol, threo-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl)glycerol, curculigoside C/I

0.16~100 mM

SH-SY5Y cells

Scavenging activity of DPPH radical and neuroprotective effects

against H₂O₂-induced SY5Y cell injury

^[27][50]

Broussoflavonol H

^[15][40]

Branch, twig

Kazinol M, broussoflavonol A/B

THP-1 cells

1 μM

Reduce CAA values

^[26][49]

Broussoflavonol I

^[15][40]

Root

Broussochalcone A

RAW264.7 cells

1~20 μM

Inhibit production of NO, iNOS, TNF-α, and IL-1β

^[45][67]

Broussoflavonol J

Root

^[15][40]

Broussoflavan A, broussoflavonol F/G, broussoaurone A

In vitro

IC50 = 1.0~2.7 μM

Inhibit oxidative stress caused by Fe²⁺ in rat brain homogenate

^[18][43]

Broussoflavonol K

^[15][40]

Fruit

Chushizisins A−I, threo-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol, erythro-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol

PC12 cells

0.16~100 μM

Scavenging activity of DPPH radical and antioxidant effects

against H₂O₂-induced impairment in PC12 cells

^[28][51]

Broussonin A

Whole plant

^[7][32]

Lignins

In vitro

10~100 mg/L

Scavenging activity of DPPH radical

^[49][71]

Broussonin B

Aerial part

^[7][32]

n/a

Beef cattle

5~15% in food

Increase SOD concentration, total antioxidant capacity

^[50][72]

Broussonol D

^[7][32]

Aerial part

n/a

Dairy cow

5~15% in food

Increase the concentration of CAT, SOD, and TAC and decrease the serum concentration of 8-OHdG

^[51][73]

Broussonol G

Leaf

^[7][32]

n/a

Piglet

150, 300 g/t

Increase concentration of CAT, SOD, glutathione peroxidase

^[52][74]

Daphnegiravan H

^[7][32]

Anti-microbial

Leaf

n/a

In vitro

MIC = 1~7.5 mg/mL

Inhibit growth of bacteria (Enterococcus faecalis, Vibrio cholera, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klibsella pneumonia) and fungi (Aspergilus niger, A. flavus)

^[53][75]

Glycyrrhiza flavonol A

Seed

^[15][40]

Hexadecanoic acid, heptadecene-8-carbonic acid, caryophyllene

In vitro

0.125~1%

Antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus vulgaris, B. cereus, Enterobacter aerogenes

^[34][57]

Isolicoflavonol

Aerial part

^[15][40]

Daphnegiravan F, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-8,5′-diprenylflavone

In vitro

MIC = 3.9~250 ppm

Anti-oral microbial effect against Gram-positive strains (Actinomyces naeslundii, A. viscosus, Streptococcus mutans, S. sanguinis, S. sorbrinus) and Gram-negative strains (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis)

^[54][76]

Kazinol A

^{[7][9][11][12][13]}[32,34,36,37,38]

Root

Papyriflavonol A, kazinol B, broussochalcone A

In vitro

MIC = 12.5~45 μg/mL

Antifungal effect against Candida albicans and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, S. epidermis, S. aureus

^[19][25]

Kazinol B

Root

^[7][9][[19][25^11][13],32,34,36,38]

Papyriflavonol A

In vitro

MIC = 10~25 μg/mL

Antifungal effect against C. albicans and S. cerevisiae

^[20][44]

Kazinol E

^[9][11][34,36]

Fruit

Polysaccharides

In vitro

0.4~2.0 mg/mL

Antibacterial activity against E. coli, P. aeruginosa, B. subtilis, S. aureus

^[33][56]

Kazinol F

^[7][13][14

Root

^][32,38,39]

Broussochalcone A/B, broussoflavan A, 3′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavane, 3,4-dihydroxyisolonchocarpin, 8-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-5′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflanvonol, daphnegiravan I, kazinol A/B/E, 4-hydroxyisolonchocarpin, papyriflavonol A, broussoflavonol B

In vitro

IC50 = 0.7~54 μM

Inhibit bacterial neuraminidase

^[11][36]

Kazinol J

^[7][13][14][32,38,39]

Kazinol V

^[7][32]

Antiviral

Root

Broussochalcone A/B, 4-hydroxyisolonchocarpin, papyriflavonol A (4), 3′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4,7-trihydroxyflavane, kazinol A/B/F/J, broussoflavan A

In vitro

IC50 = 9.2~66.2 μM

Inhibit papain-like protease

^[13][38]

Anticancer

Bark

n/a

Kazinol W

^[7][32]

Oleanolic acid

^[17][42]

HT-29 cells

50~200 μg/mL

Induce apoptosis-related DNA fragmentation, increase the expression of p53, caspase 3, Bax, inhibit cell proliferation

^[42][24]

Bark

Papyriflavonol A, broussoflavonol B, broussochalcone A, uralenol, 5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-8,5′-diprenylflavone

MCF-7 cells

5~25 μM

Anti-proliferation effects on estrogen receptor-positive breast cancer MCF-7 cells

^[22][46]

Papyriflavonol A

^[11]25^{[12][14][15][},36¹⁶,37^],39^[19,40^][20][,41,44]

Ursolic acid

^[17][42]

Bark

3,4,5-trimethoxyphenyl-1-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-β-D-glucopyranoside

^[21][45]

4,5-dicaffeoylquinic acid

^[21][45]

5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-8,5′-diprenylflavone

^[22][46]

5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-8-geranylflavone

^[22][46]

7,4′-dihydroxy-3′-prenylflavan

^[23][47]

Broussochalcone A

^[22][46]

Broussochalcone B

^[23][47]

Broussoflavonol B

^[22][23][46,47]

Bark, leaf, fruit

n/a

MCF-7, HeLa, HepG2 cells

31.25~1000 μg/mL

Cytotoxic activity against cancer cells

^[55][77]

Root

Broussoflavonol F/H/I/K, isolicofavonol, glycyrrhiza flavonol A, papyriflavonol A

NCI-H1975, HepG2, MCF-7 cells

IC50 = 0.9~2.0 μM

Growth inhibition activity against three cancer cell lines

^[15][40]

Root

Kazinol A

T24, T24R2 cells

Inhibit cell growth through G0/1 arrest mediated by a decrease in cyclin D1 and an increase in p21

^[12][37]

n/a

Broussochalcone A

HEK293, HCT116, SW480, SNU475 cells

5~20 μM

Induce apoptosis in colon and liver cancer cells

^[56][78]

n/a

Broussochalcone A

HepG2 cells

5 µM

Cytotoxic effects against human hepatoma HepG2 cells with activation of apoptosis-related proteins

^[57][79]

Fruit

N-norchelerythrine, dihydrosanguinarine, oxyavicine, broussonpapyrine, nitidine, chelerythrine, liriodenine

BEL-7402, Hela cells

IC50 = 5.97~47.41 μg/mL

Inhibit cancer cell growth

^[31][54]

Antidiabetic

Root

Broussoflavonol B, kazinol J

Mice

40 mg/kg

Improve glucose tolerance

Broussonin A

^[23][47]

Broussonin B

^[23][47]

Caffeic acid

^[24][26]

Cathayanon H

^[23][47]

Chlorogenic acid

^[21][45]

cis-form-5-coffee acylchlorogenic acid

^[21][45]

Coumaric acid

^[24][26]

Cryptochlorogenic acid

^[21][45]

Epicatechin

^[24][26]

Glyasperin A

^[23][47]

Isoliquiritigenin

^[23][47]

Isoquercetin

^[21][45]

Kaempferol

^[24][26]

Marmesin

^[23][47]

Papyriflavonol A

^[22][46]

Quercetin

^[24][25][26,48]

Uralenol

^[22][46]

Vomifoliol

^[23][47]

Branch/twig

(S)-8-methoxymarmesin

^[26][49]

3,5,7,4′-tetrahydroxy-3′-(2-hydroxy-3-methylbut-3-enyl) flavone

^[25][48]

5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxy-8,5′-diprenylflavone

^[26][49]

5,7,3′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone

^[25][48]

5,7,3′,5′-tetrahydroxyflavanone

^[25][48]

Brossoflurenone C

^[26][49]

Broussin

^[26][49]

Broussoflavonol A

^[26][49]

Broussoflavonol B

^[26][49]

Broussoflavonol F

^[25][48]

^[

⁴⁴

^]

[

66

]

Root

8-(1,1-dimethylallyl)-5′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflanvonol, uralenol, 3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydroxyflavone, broussochalcone A

In vitro

IC50 = 4.3~36.8 μM

Inhibit the activity of PTP1B

^[8][33]

Root

Broussochalcone A/B, 3,4-Dihydroxyisolonchocarpin, 4-Hydroxyisolonchocarpin, 3′-(3-Methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4′,7-trihydroxyflavane, kazinol A/B/E, 8-(1,1-Dimethylallyl)-5′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflanvonol, papyriflavonol A, brossoflurenone A

In vitro

IC50 = 2.1~75.7 μM

Inhibit the activity of α-glucosidase

^[10][35]

Anticholinesterase

Root

8-(1,1-Dimethylallyl)-5′-(3-methylbut-2-enyl)-3′,4′,5,7-tetrahydroxyflanvonol, papyriflavonol A, broussoflavonol B, brossoflurenone A/B

In vitro

IC50 = 0.5~24.7 μM

Inhibit human acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase

^[16][41]

Antigout

Root

3,4-dihydroxyisolonchocarpin, broussochalcone A

In vitro

IC50 = 0.6~1.8 μM

Inhibit the activity of xanthine oxidase

^[9][34]

Antinociceptive

Root, fruit

Betulin, betulinic acid

Rat

1, 2 g/kg

Inhibit writhing responses

^[17][42]

Hepatoprotective

Leaf

Polysaccharides

Mice

100~400 mg/kg

Improve acetaminophen-induced liver damage, reduce liver apoptosis, enhance the detoxification ability of the liver to acetaminophen

^[5][30]

Fipsotwin

^[26][49]

Isolicoflavonol

^[25][48]

Isoliquiritigenin

^[25][48]

Kazinol B

^[26][49]

Kazinol N

^[26][49]

Kazinol M

^[26][49]

Kazinol Q

^[26][49]

Luteolin

Root

Broussoflavonol B, kazinol J

Mice

40 mg/kg

Suppress hepatic steatosis by decreasing lipogenic gene expression and increasing AMPK phosphorylation

^[25][48]

Marmesin

^[26][49]

Papyriflavonol A

^[25][48]

Quercetin

^[25][48]

^[

⁴⁴

^]

[

66

]

threo-dadahol A

^[26][49]

threo-dadahol B

^[26][49]

Uralenol

^[25][48]

Fruit

2-(4-hydroxyphenyl) propane-1,3-diol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

^[27][50]

3,4-dihydroxybenzoic acid

^[27][50]

3-[2-(4- hydroxyphenyl)-3-hydroxymethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-5-yl]propan-1-ol

^[28][51]

4-hydroxybenzaldehyde

^[27][50]

7-hydroxycoumarin

^[29][52]

8,11-Octadecadienoic acid

^[30][53]

8-Octadecenoic acid

^[30][53]

Arbutine

^[27][50]

Betulin

^[17][42]

Betulinic acid

^[17][42]

Broussonpapyrine

^[31][32][54,55]

Chelerythrine

^[31][54]

Chushizisin A

^[28][51]

Chushizisin B

^[28][51]

Chushizisin C

^[28][51]

Chushizisin D

^[28][51]

Chushizisin E

^[28][51]

Chushizisin F

^[28][51]

Chushizisin G

^[28][51]

Chushizisin H

^[28][51]

Chushizisin I

^[28][51]

cis-coniferin

^[27][50]

cis-syringin

^[27][50]

Coniferyl alcohol

^[27][50]

Curculigoside C

^[27][50]

Curculigoside I

^[27][50]

Dihydroconiferyl alcohol

^[27][50]

Dihydrosanguinarine

^[31][54]

Epicatechin

^[29][52]

erythro-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol

^[28][51]

erythro-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) glycerol

^[27][50]

Ferulic acid

^[27][50]

Linolenic acid

^[30][53]

Liriodenine

^[31][54^[32],55]

Nitidine

^[31][54^[32],55]

N-Norchelerythrine

^[31][54]

Oleanolic acid

^[17][42]

Oleic acid

^[30][53]

Oxyavicine

^[31][32][54,55]

Palmitic acid

^[30][53]

p-coumaraldehyde

^[27][50]

Polysaccharides

^[33][56]

Protocatechuic acid

^[29][52]

Stearic acid

^[30][53]

threo-1-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)-2-{4-[(E)-3-hydroxy-1-propenyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}-1,3-propanediol

^[28][51]

threo-1-(4-hydroxyphenyl) glycerol

^[27][50]

Ursolic acid

^[17][42]

Seed

Caryophyllene

^[34][57]

Heptadecene-8-carbonic acid

^[34][57]

Hexadecanoic acid

^[34][57]

Leaf

(+)-pinoresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-4″-O-β-D-apiofuranoside

^[35][58]

3,5,4′-trihydroxy-bibenzyl-3-O-β-D-glucoside

^[35][58]

4-Caffeoylquinic acid

^[36][59]

4-Feruloylquinic acid

^[36][59]

5-Caffeoylquinic acid

^[36][59]

Apigenin

^[37][38][60,61]

Apigenin-6-C-β-D-glucopyranside

^[35][58]

Apigenin-7-glucoside

^[36][59]

Apigenin-7-O-glucuronide

^[36][59]

Apigenin-7-O-β -D-glucoside

^[38][61]

Broussonetone A

^[37][60]

Broussonetone B

^[37][60]

Broussonetone C

^[37][60]

Broussoside A

^[38][61]

Broussoside B

^[38][61]

Broussoside C

^[38][61]

Broussoside D

^[38][61]

Broussoside E

^[38][61]

Chrysoriol-7-O-β-D-glucoside

^[38][61]

Cosmosiin

^[35][58]

Coumaric acid

^[38][61]

Dihydrosyringin

^[38][61]

Flacourtin

^[38][61]

Gentisoyl hexoside

^[36][59]

Isoorientin

^[38][61]

Isovitexin

^[36][38][59,61]

Liriodendrin

^[35][58]

Luteolin

^[38][61]

Luteolin-7-O-glucuronide

^[36][59]

Luteolin-7-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

^[35][58]

Luteoloside

^[38][61]

Orientin

^[36][38][59,61]

Pinoresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucopyranoside

^[38][61]

Poliothyrsoside

^[38][61]

Polysaccharides

^[5][30]

Syringaresinol-4′-O-β-D-glucoside

^[38][61]

Vitexin

^[36][37][38][59,60,61]

Whole plant

(2S)-2′,4′-dihydroxy-2″-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl) dihydrofuro [2,3-h] flavanone

^[39][62]

(2S)-abyssinone II

^[39][62]

3′-[γ-hydroxymethyl-(E)-γ-methylallyl]-2,4,2′,4′-tetrahydroxychalcone 11′-O-coumarate

^[39][62]

5,7,2′,4′-tetrahydroxy-3-geranylflavone

^[39][62]

Demethylmoracin I

Isolicoflavonol

Leaf

^[39]

^[39][62]