Marine microorganisms, as important members of marine organisms, can produce numerous specific active substances in an extreme environment in low temperature, high salt, high pressure, and oligotrophic conditions. They have gained scientific interest due to their potential applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, for environmental remediation, and astrobiology. The monosaccharide composition, high molecular weight, hydrophobicity and polycharged characteristics of marine Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are involved in their cryoprotective effect, water-holding capacity, and good thermostability. The source and structure of exopolysaccharides are summarized.
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition |
Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pantoea | sp. | YU16-S3 | EPS-S3 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by Sephacryl S500-HR column |
Glc, Gal, GalNAc, GalN (1.9:1:0.4:0.02) |
1.75 × 10 | 5 | Promotion of Wound Healing | [19] |
Pediococcus pentosaceus M41 | EPS-M41 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration | Ara, Man, Glc, Gal (1.2:1.8:15.1:1.0) |
6.8 × 10 | 5 | Antioxidant, Anticancer |
[7] | ||
Bacillus cereus KMS3-1 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | Man, Glc, Xyl, Rha (73.51:17.87:2.18:6.49) |
Waste-water treatment |
[8] | ||||
Oceanobacillus iheyensis | EPS | Ethanol precipitation and purification by dialysis |
Man, Glc, Ara (47.78:29.71:22.46) |
2.14 × 10 | 6 | Anti-biofilm | [10] | ||
Bacillus thuringiensis | RSK CAS4 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose 4-LB Fast Flow column | Fuc, Gal, Xyl, Glc, Rha, Man (43.8:20:17.8:7.2:7.1:4.1) |
Antioxidant, Anticancer |
[9] | |||
Pseudoalteromonas, MD12-642 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration | GalA, GlcA, Rha, GlcN (41–42:25–26:16–22:12–16) |
>1.0 × 10 | 6 | [11] | |||
Bacillus | sp. H5 | EPS5SH | Aqueous extraction and purification by GPC | Man, GlcN, Glc, Gal (1.00:0.02:0.07:0.02) |
8.9 × 10 | 4 | Immunomodulatory activity | [12] | |
Alteromonas | sp. | JL2810 | EPS | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by DEAE column | GalA, Man, Rha (1:1:1) |
>1.67 × 10 | 5 | [13] | |
Pseudoalteromonas | sp. YU16-DR3A | EPS-DR3A | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | Fuc, Erythrotetrose, Glc, Rib (6.7:1.0:1.5:1.0) |
2 × 10 | 4 | Antioxidant | [14] | |
Enterobacter | sp. | ACD2 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction | Glc, Gal, Fuc, GlcA (25:25:40:10) |
Antibacterial | [15] | ||
P. stutzeri | 273 | EPS273 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by GPC | GlcN, Rha, Glc (35.4:28.6:27.2) |
1.9 × 10 | 5 | Antibiofilm, Anti-Infection |
[16] | |
Microbacterim | FSW-25 |
EPS Mi25 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | Glc, Man, Fuc, GlcA | 7.0 × 10 | 6 | Antioxidant | [17] | |
Bacillus cereus | EPSR3 | Culture centrifugal extraction | Glc, GalA, Arb (2.0: 0.8: 1.0) |
Antioxidant, Antitumor, Anti-inflammatory activities |
[18] | ||||
Vibrio | sp. QY101 | A101 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by GPC | GlcA, GalA, Rha, GlcN (21.47:23.05:23.90:12.15) |
5.46 × 10 | 3 | Antibacterial | [20] | |
Halolactibacillus miurensis | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose 4-LB Fast Flow column | Gal, Glc (61.87:25.17) |
Antioxidant | [21] | ||||
Halomonas saliphila | LCB169T | hsEPS | Ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography | Man, Glc, Ara, Xyl, Gal, Fuc (81.22:15.83:1.47:0.59:0.55:0.35) |
5.133 × 10 | 4 | Emulsifying activity | [22] | |
C.psychrerythraea 34H | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column |
QuiN, GalA (1:2) |
Antifreeze | [23] | ||||
Issachenkonii | SM20310 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by DEAE column |
Rha, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc, GalNAc, GlcNAc (2.1:0.9:71.7:9.0:10.7:1.5:4.0) |
>2.0 × 10 | 6 | Anti-freeze | [24] | ||
Halomonas | sp. 2E1 | EPS2E1 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column and Sephadex G75 column | Man, Glc (3.76:1) |
4.7 × 10 | 4 | Immunomodulatory activity | [25] | |
Sphingobacterium | sp. | IITKGP-BTPF3 | Sphingobatan | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column | Man | >2 × 10 | 6 | Immunomodulatory activity | [26] |
Pseudoaltermonas | sp. | PEP | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis and GPC | Glc, Gal, Man (4.8:50.9:44.3) |
3.97 × 10 | 5 | Anticancer | [27] | |
Polaribacter | sp. | SM1127 EPS | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by Sepharose column | Rha, Fuc, GlcA, Man, Gal, Glc, GlcNAc (0.8:7.4:21.4:23.4:17.3:1.6:28.0) |
2.2 × 10 | 5 | Promotion of Wound Healing, Prevention of Frostbite Injury, Antioxidant |
[28][29] | |
Aeribacillus pallidus 418 | EPS1, EPS2 |
Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose DEAE CL-6B column | Man, Glc, GalN, GlcN, Gal, Rib (69.3:11.2:6.3:5.4:4.7:2.9); Man, Gal, Glc, GalN, GlcN, Rib, Ara (33.9:17.9:15.5:11.7:8.1:5.3:4.9) |
7 × 10 | 5 | ; >1 × 10 | 6 | [30] | |
Rhodobacter johrii CDR-SL 7Cii | EPS RH-7 | Ethanol precipitation and purification by dialysis | Glc, GlcA, Rha, Gal (3:1.5:0.25:0.25) |
2 × 10 | 6 | Emulsifying activity |
[31] | ||
Alteromonas ininus | GY785 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration |
Rha, Fuc, Man, Gal, Glc, GalA, GlcA (0.2:0.1:0.4: 3.6:4.7:1.0:2.0) |
2.0 × 10 | 6 | [32][33] |
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition |
Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References |
---|
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition | Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References | ||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aureobasidium | melanogenum | SCAU-266 |
AUM-1 | Alcohol precipitation and further purified through DEAE-column | Glc, Man, Gal (97.30:1.9:0.08) |
6.0 × 10 | ||||||||||||||||||
Porphyridium sordidum | EPS | Cold aqueous centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | 3 | Immunomodulatory activity | [ | 49] | ||||||||||||||||||
Fuc, Rha, Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, GlcA (1.93:0.36:0.36:48.28: 19.01:28.2:0.76) | Antibacterial | [ | 67 | ] | Aspergillus Terreus | YSS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | Glc, Man (8.6:1.0) |
1.86 × 10 | 4 | Antioxidant | [60] | ||||||||||||
Porphyridium marinum | EPS-0C, EPS-2C, EPS-5C |
Culture centrifugal extraction, ultra-filtration and High-Pressure Homogenizer | Xyl, Gal, Glc, Fuc, Ara, GlcA (44–47:25–29:19–20:1:1–2:4–5) |
1.4 × 10 | 6 | Fusarium oxysporum | Fw-1 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | Gal, Glc, Man (1.33:1.33:1.00) |
6.12 × 10 | 4 | Antioxidant | [61] | |||||||||||
5.5 × 10 | 5 | 5.5 × 10 | 5 | Antibacterial, Anti-biofilm, Anticancer |
[68] | |||||||||||||||||||
Flintiella | sanguinaria | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration |
Xyl, Gal, GlcA, Rha, Glc, Ara (47:21:14:10:6:2) |
1.5 × 10 | 6 | Alternaria | sp. | AS2-1 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | Man, Glc, Gal (1.00:0.67:0.35) |
Cyanothece | sp. CCY 0110 | Cyanoflan | Cold aqueous extraction 2.74 × 10 | 4 | and purification by dialysis | Man, Glc, uronic acid, Gal, Xyl, Rha, Fuc, Ara (20:20:18:10:9:9:8:6) | >1 × 10 | 6 | Anticancer, Antioxidant |
[62] | ||
[ | 50 | ] | Aspergillus versicolor | AWP | Culture centrifugal extractionand purification by QFF column | Glc, Man (8.6:1.0) |
5 × 10 | 7 | [63] | |||||||||||||||
[ | 69 | ] | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Chlamydonas | reinhardtii | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction |
GalA, Rib, Rha, Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl | 2.25 × 10 | 5 | Antioxidant | [70] | Aspergillus versicolor | LCJ-5-4 | Culture centrifugal extractionand purification by QFF column | Glc, Man (1.7:1.0) |
7 × 10 | 3 | Antioxidant | [64] | ||||||||
Nostoc | carneum | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction |
Xyl, Glc (4.3:2.1) |
Antioxidant | [71] | Penicillium solitum | GW-12 | Ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography |
Man | 1.13 × 10 | 4 | [65] | |||||||||||
Nostoc | sp. | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column | Uronic acid, Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc (25.0:0.2:0.8:18.6:15.3:19.1:1.3:19.7) |
2.37 × 10 | 5 | Antitussive, Immunomodulatory activity | [72][73] | Hansfordia sinuosae | HPA | Ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography |
|||||||||||||
Tetraselmis suecica | EPS | Man, Gal, Glc, | (96.1, 3.3, and 0.60) |
2.25 × 10 | Cold aqueous extractionand purification by dialysis | 4 | Anticancer | [66] |