Marine microorganisms, as important members of marine organisms, can produce numerous specific active substances in an extreme environment in low temperature, high salt, high pressure, and oligotrophic conditions. They have gained scientific interest due to their potential applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, for environmental remediation, and astrobiology. The monosaccharide composition, high molecular weight, hydrophobicity and polycharged characteristics of marine Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are involved in their cryoprotective effect, water-holding capacity, and good thermostability. The source and structure of exopolysaccharides are summarized.
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition |
Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pantoea sp. YU16-S3 | EPS-S3 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by Sephacryl S500-HR column |
Glc, Gal, GalNAc, GalN (1.9:1:0.4:0.02) |
1.75 × 105 | Promotion of Wound Healing | [19] |
Pediococcus pentosaceus M41 | EPS-M41 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration | Ara, Man, Glc, Gal (1.2:1.8:15.1:1.0) |
6.8 × 105 | Antioxidant, Anticancer |
[7] |
Bacillus cereus KMS3-1 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | Man, Glc, Xyl, Rha (73.51:17.87:2.18:6.49) |
Waste-water treatment |
[8] | |
Oceanobacillus iheyensis | EPS | Ethanol precipitation and purification by dialysis |
Man, Glc, Ara (47.78:29.71:22.46) |
2.14 × 106 | Anti-biofilm | [10] |
Bacillus thuringiensis RSK CAS4 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose 4-LB Fast Flow column | Fuc, Gal, Xyl, Glc, Rha, Man (43.8:20:17.8:7.2:7.1:4.1) |
Antioxidant, Anticancer |
[9] | |
Pseudoalteromonas, MD12-642 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration | GalA, GlcA, Rha, GlcN (41–42:25–26:16–22:12–16) |
>1.0 × 106 | [11] | |
Bacillus sp. H5 | EPS5SH | Aqueous extraction and purification by GPC | Man, GlcN, Glc, Gal (1.00:0.02:0.07:0.02) |
8.9 × 104 | Immunomodulatory activity | [12] |
Alteromonas sp. JL2810 | EPS | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by DEAE column | GalA, Man, Rha (1:1:1) |
>1.67 × 105 | [13] | |
Pseudoalteromonas sp. YU16-DR3A | EPS-DR3A | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | Fuc, Erythrotetrose, Glc, Rib (6.7:1.0:1.5:1.0) |
2 × 104 | Antioxidant | [14] |
Enterobacter sp. ACD2 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction | Glc, Gal, Fuc, GlcA (25:25:40:10) |
Antibacterial | [15] | |
P. stutzeri 273 | EPS273 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by GPC | GlcN, Rha, Glc (35.4:28.6:27.2) |
1.9 × 105 | Antibiofilm, Anti-Infection |
[16] |
Microbacterim FSW-25 |
EPS Mi25 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | Glc, Man, Fuc, GlcA | 7.0 × 106 | Antioxidant | [17] |
Bacillus cereus | EPSR3 | Culture centrifugal extraction | Glc, GalA, Arb (2.0: 0.8: 1.0) |
Antioxidant, Antitumor, Anti-inflammatory activities |
[18] | |
Vibrio sp. QY101 | A101 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by GPC | GlcA, GalA, Rha, GlcN (21.47:23.05:23.90:12.15) |
5.46 × 103 | Antibacterial | [20] |
Halolactibacillus miurensis | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose 4-LB Fast Flow column | Gal, Glc (61.87:25.17) |
Antioxidant | [21] | |
Halomonas saliphila LCB169T | hsEPS | Ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography | Man, Glc, Ara, Xyl, Gal, Fuc (81.22:15.83:1.47:0.59:0.55:0.35) |
5.133 × 104 | Emulsifying activity | [22] |
C.psychrerythraea 34H | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column |
QuiN, GalA (1:2) |
Antifreeze | [23] | |
Issachenkonii | SM20310 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by DEAE column |
Rha, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc, GalNAc, GlcNAc (2.1:0.9:71.7:9.0:10.7:1.5:4.0) |
>2.0 × 106 | Anti-freeze | [24] |
Halomonas sp. 2E1 | EPS2E1 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column and Sephadex G75 column | Man, Glc (3.76:1) |
4.7 × 104 | Immunomodulatory activity | [25] |
Sphingobacterium sp. IITKGP-BTPF3 | Sphingobatan | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column | Man | >2 × 106 | Immunomodulatory activity | [26] |
Pseudoaltermonas sp. | PEP | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis and GPC | Glc, Gal, Man (4.8:50.9:44.3) |
3.97 × 105 | Anticancer | [27] |
Polaribacter sp. | SM1127 EPS | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by Sepharose column | Rha, Fuc, GlcA, Man, Gal, Glc, GlcNAc (0.8:7.4:21.4:23.4:17.3:1.6:28.0) |
2.2 × 105 | Promotion of Wound Healing, Prevention of Frostbite Injury, Antioxidant |
[28][29] |
Aeribacillus pallidus 418 | EPS1, EPS2 |
Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose DEAE CL-6B column | Man, Glc, GalN, GlcN, Gal, Rib (69.3:11.2:6.3:5.4:4.7:2.9); Man, Gal, Glc, GalN, GlcN, Rib, Ara (33.9:17.9:15.5:11.7:8.1:5.3:4.9) |
7 × 105; >1 × 106 |
[30] | |
Rhodobacter johrii CDR-SL 7Cii | EPS RH-7 | Ethanol precipitation and purification by dialysis | Glc, GlcA, Rha, Gal (3:1.5:0.25:0.25) |
2 × 106 | Emulsifying activity |
[31] |
Alteromonas ininus | GY785 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration |
Rha, Fuc, Man, Gal, Glc, GalA, GlcA (0.2:0.1:0.4: 3.6:4.7:1.0:2.0) |
2.0 × 106 | [32][33] |
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition |
Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aureobasidium melanogenum SCAU-266 |
AUM-1 | Alcohol precipitation and further purified through DEAE-column | Porphyridium sordidum | EPS | Cold aqueous centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysisGlc, Man, Gal (97.30:1.9:0.08) |
Fuc, Rha, Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, GlcA (1.93:0.36:0.36:48.28: 19.01:28.2:0.76)6.0 × 103 | Immunomodulatory activity | Antibacterial[49] | ||||
[ | 67 | ] | Aspergillus Terreus | YSS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | |||||||
Porphyridium marinum | EPS-0C, EPS-2C, EPS-5C | Glc, Man | (8.6:1.0) |
Culture centrifugal extraction, ultra-filtration and High-Pressure Homogenizer | Xyl, Gal, Glc, Fuc, Ara, GlcA (44–47:25–29:19–20:1:1–2:4–5)1.86 × 104 |
1.4 × 106 5.5 × 105 Antioxidant |
5.5 × 105[ | Antibacterial, Anti-biofilm, Anticancer60] |
||||
[ | 68 | ] | Fusarium oxysporum | |||||||||
Flintiella | Fw-1 | sanguinaria | EPSCulture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtrationGal, Glc, Man (1.33:1.33:1.00) |
6.12 × 104 | Xyl, Gal, GlcA, Rha, Glc, AraAntioxidant | (47:21:14:10:6:2)[61] |
|||||
1.5 × 10 | 6 | [ | 69 | ] | Alternaria sp. | AS2-1 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | Man, Glc, Gal (1.00:0.67:0.35) |
Cyanoflan2.74 × 104 | Anticancer, Antioxidant |
[62] | |
Cold aqueous extraction | and purification by dialysis | Man, Glc, uronic acid, Gal, Xyl, Rha, Fuc, Ara (20:20:18:10:9:9:8:6) | >1 × 106 | [50] | Aspergillus versicolor | AWP | Culture centrifugal extractionand purification by QFF column | Glc, Man (8.6:1.0) |
5 × 107 | |||
Chlamydonas reinhardtii | [ | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction |
GalA, Rib, Rha, Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl | 63 | 2.25 × 105] | ||||||
Cyanothece sp. CCY 0110 | Antioxidant | [ | 70 | ] | Aspergillus versicolor | LCJ-5-4 | Culture centrifugal extractionand purification by QFF column | |||||
Nostoc carneum | Glc, Man | (1.7:1.0) | 7 × 103 | Antioxidant | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction[64] |
||||||
Xyl, Glc | (4.3:2.1) | Antioxidant | Penicillium solitum | GW-12 | Ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography |
Man | 1.13 × 104 | [65] | ||||
Hansfordia sinuosae | HPA | Ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography |
Man, Gal, Glc, (96.1, 3.3, and 0.60) |
2.25 × 104 | Anticancer | [66] |
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition | Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
[ | ||||||
71 | ||||||
] | ||||||
Nostoc sp. | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column | Uronic acid, Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc (25.0:0.2:0.8:18.6:15.3:19.1:1.3:19.7) |
2.37 × 105 | Antitussive, Immunomodulatory activity | [72][73] |
Tetraselmis suecica | EPS | Cold aqueous extractionand purification by dialysis | Ara, Rib, Man, GalA, Gal, Glc, GlcA (5.23:0.83:6.64:0.1:25.27:35.46:21.47) | Antioxidant, Anticancer | [74] | |
Leptolyngbya sp. | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction |
Man, Ara, Glc, Rha, uronic acid (35:24:15:2:8) | Antioxidant | [75] |