Marine microorganisms, as important members of marine organisms, can produce numerous specific active substances in an extreme environment in low temperature, high salt, high pressure, and oligotrophic conditions. They have gained scientific interest due to their potential applications in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries, for environmental remediation, and astrobiology. The monosaccharide composition, high molecular weight, hydrophobicity and polycharged characteristics of marine Exopolysaccharides (EPS) are involved in their cryoprotective effect, water-holding capacity, and good thermostability. The source and structure of exopolysaccharides are summarized.
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition |
Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pantoea sp. YU16-S3 | EPS-S3 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by Sephacryl S500-HR column |
Glc, Gal, GalNAc, GalN (1.9:1:0.4:0.02) |
1.75 × 105 | Promotion of Wound Healing | [34][19] |
Pediococcus pentosaceus M41 | EPS-M41 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration | Ara, Man, Glc, Gal (1.2:1.8:15.1:1.0) |
6.8 × 105 | Antioxidant, Anticancer |
[40][7] |
anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography | ||||||
Man, Gal, Glc, | ||||||
(96.1, 3.3, and 0.60) | ||||||
2.25 × 10 | 4 | Anticancer | [ | 88 | ] | [66] |
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition | Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Porphyridium sordidum | EPS | Cold aqueous centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | ] | Fuc, Rha, Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl, GlcA (1.93:0.36:0.36:48.28: 19.01:28.2:0.76) | [ | 49 | Antibacterial] | ||||||||||
[ | 24 | ] | [ | 67 | ] | Aspergillus Terreus | YSS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | Glc, Man (8.6:1.0) |
1.86 × 104 | Antioxidant | [82][60] | |||||
Bacillus cereus KMS3-1 | |||||||||||||||||
Porphyridium marinum | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | Man, Glc, Xyl, Rha | Fusarium oxysporum | Fw-1 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | Gal, Glc, Man (1.33:1.33:1.00) |
6.12 × 104 | Antioxidant | [83][61] | |||||||
Alternaria sp. | AS2-1 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column | Man, Glc, Gal (1.00:0.67:0.35) |
2.74 × 104 | Anticancer, Antioxidant |
[84][62] | |||||||||||
EPS-0C, | EPS-2C, EPS-5C |
Culture centrifugal extraction, ultra-filtration and High-Pressure Homogenizer | Xyl, Gal, Glc, Fuc, Ara, GlcA (44–47:25–29:19–20:1:1–2:4–5) |
1.4 × 106 5.5 × 105 5.5 × 105 |
Antibacterial, Anti-biofilm, Anticancer |
[95][68] | (73.51:17.87:2.18:6.49) |
Waste-water treatment |
[41][ | ||||||||
Flintiella sanguinaria | 8 | ] | |||||||||||||||
EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by | ultra-filtration |
Xyl, Gal, GlcA, Rha, Glc, Ara (47:21:14:10:6:2) |
1.5 × 106 | [96][69] | Oceanobacillus iheyensis | EPS | Ethanol precipitation and purification by dialysis |
Man, Glc, Ara (47.78:29.71:22.46) |
2.14 × 106 | Anti-biofilm | [43][10] | |||||
[ | 50 | ] | Bacillus thuringiensis RSK CAS4 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose 4-LB Fast Flow column | Fuc, Gal, Xyl, Glc, Rha, Man (43.8:20:17.8:7.2:7.1:4.1) |
Antioxidant, Anticancer |
[42][9] | |||||||||
Aspergillus versicolor | AWP | Culture centrifugal extractionand purification by QFF column | |||||||||||||||
Chlamydonas reinhardtii | Glc, Man | EPS | (8.6:1.0) |
5 × 107 | [85][ | ||||||||||||
Cyanothece sp. CCY 0110 | Cyanoflan | Cold aqueous extraction and purification by dialysis |
Man, Glc, uronic acid, Gal, Xyl, Rha, Fuc, Ara (20:20:18:10:9:9:8:6) | >1 × 106 | [75] | Culture centrifugal 63] |
|||||||||||
extraction | GalA, Rib, Rha, Ara, Gal, Glc, Xyl | 2.25 × 10 | 5 | Antioxidant | [ | 97][70] | Pseudoalteromonas, MD12-642 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration | GalA, GlcA, Rha, GlcN (41–42:25–26:16–22:12–16) |
>1.0 × 10 | Aspergillus versicolor | LCJ-5-4 | Culture centrifugal extractionand purification by QFF column | Glc, Man (1.7:1.0)6 |
[44 | |
Nostoc | 7 × 10 | 3 | Antioxidant | carneum | [ | EPS86 | Culture centrifugal extraction]] |
Xyl, Glc (4.3:2.1)[11] |
|||||||||
[ | 64 | ] | Bacillus sp. H5 | EPS5SH | Aqueous extraction and purification by GPC | Man, GlcN, Glc, Gal (1.00:0.02:0.07:0.02) |
8.9 × 104 | Immunomodulatory activity | [45][12] | ||||||||
Alteromonas sp. JL2810 | EPS | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by DEAE column | GalA, Man, Rha (1:1:1) |
>1.67 × 105 | [46][13] | ||||||||||||
Antioxidant | [ | 93 | ] | [ | 71] | Penicillium solitum | GW-12 | Ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatography |
Man | 1.13 × 104 | |||||||
Nostoc sp. | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column | Uronic acid, Rha, Fuc, Ara, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc (25.0:0.2:0.8:18.6:15.3:19.1:1.3:19.7) | [ | 87 | ] | 2.37 × 105[65] | ||||||||||
Antitussive, Immunomodulatory activity | [ | 98 | , | [ | 72 | 99]][73] | Hansfordia sinuosae | HPA | |||||||||
Tetraselmis suecica | EPS | Ethanol precipitation, |
Cold aqueous extractionand purification by dialysis | Ara, Rib, Man, GalA, Gal, Glc, GlcA (5.23:0.83:6.64:0.1:25.27:35.46:21.47) | Antioxidant, Anticancer | [94][74] | Pseudoalteromonas sp. YU16-DR3A | EPS-DR3A | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | ||||||||
Leptolyngbya sp. | Fuc, Erythrotetrose, Glc, Rib | (6.7:1.0:1.5:1.0) | 2 × 104 | Antioxidant | [ | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction |
Man, Ara, Glc, Rha, uronic acid (35:24:15:2:8) | Antioxidant47][14] | ||||||||
[ | 100 | ] | [ | 75 | ] | Enterobacter sp. ACD2 | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction | Glc, Gal, Fuc, GlcA (25:25:40:10) |
Antibacterial | [48][15] | ||||||
P. stutzeri 273 | EPS273 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by GPC | GlcN, Rha, Glc (35.4:28.6:27.2) |
1.9 × 105 | Antibiofilm, Anti-Infection |
[49][16] | |||||||||||
Microbacterim FSW-25 |
EPS Mi25 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis | Glc, Man, Fuc, GlcA | 7.0 × 106 | Antioxidant | [50][17] | |||||||||||
Bacillus cereus | EPSR3 | Culture centrifugal extraction | Glc, GalA, Arb (2.0: 0.8: 1.0) |
Antioxidant, Antitumor, Anti-inflammatory activities |
[51][18] | ||||||||||||
Vibrio sp. QY101 | A101 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by GPC | GlcA, GalA, Rha, GlcN (21.47:23.05:23.90:12.15) |
5.46 × 103 | Antibacterial | [52][20] | |||||||||||
Halolactibacillus miurensis | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose 4-LB Fast Flow column | Gal, Glc (61.87:25.17) |
Antioxidant | [53][21] | ||||||||||||
Halomonas saliphila LCB169T | hsEPS | Ethanol precipitation, anion-exchange and gel-filtration chromatography | Man, Glc, Ara, Xyl, Gal, Fuc (81.22:15.83:1.47:0.59:0.55:0.35) |
5.133 × 104 | Emulsifying activity | [54][22] | |||||||||||
C.psychrerythraea 34H | EPS | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by QFF column |
QuiN, GalA (1:2) |
Antifreeze | [26][23] | ||||||||||||
Issachenkonii | SM20310 | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by DEAE column |
Rha, Xyl, Man, Gal, Glc, GalNAc, GlcNAc (2.1:0.9:71.7:9.0:10.7:1.5:4.0) |
>2.0 × 106 | Anti-freeze | [55][24] | |||||||||||
Halomonas sp. 2E1 | EPS2E1 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column and Sephadex G75 column | Man, Glc (3.76:1) |
4.7 × 104 | Immunomodulatory activity | [56][25] | |||||||||||
Sphingobacterium sp. IITKGP-BTPF3 | Sphingobatan | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by DEAE column | Man | >2 × 106 | Immunomodulatory activity | [57][26] | |||||||||||
Pseudoaltermonas sp. | PEP | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by dialysis and GPC | Glc, Gal, Man (4.8:50.9:44.3) |
3.97 × 105 | Anticancer | [58][27] | |||||||||||
Polaribacter sp. | SM1127 EPS | Ethanol precipitation extraction and purification by Sepharose column | Rha, Fuc, GlcA, Man, Gal, Glc, GlcNAc (0.8:7.4:21.4:23.4:17.3:1.6:28.0) |
2.2 × 105 | Promotion of Wound Healing, Prevention of Frostbite Injury, Antioxidant |
[59,60][28][29] | |||||||||||
Aeribacillus pallidus 418 | EPS1, EPS2 |
Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by Sepharose DEAE CL-6B column | Man, Glc, GalN, GlcN, Gal, Rib (69.3:11.2:6.3:5.4:4.7:2.9); Man, Gal, Glc, GalN, GlcN, Rib, Ara (33.9:17.9:15.5:11.7:8.1:5.3:4.9) |
7 × 105; >1 × 106 |
[31][30] | ||||||||||||
Rhodobacter johrii CDR-SL 7Cii | EPS RH-7 | Ethanol precipitation and purification by dialysis | Glc, GlcA, Rha, Gal (3:1.5:0.25:0.25) |
2 × 106 | Emulsifying activity |
[61][31] | |||||||||||
Alteromonas ininus | GY785 | Culture centrifugal extraction and purification by ultra-filtration |
Rha, Fuc, Man, Gal, Glc, GalA, GlcA (0.2:0.1:0.4: 3.6:4.7:1.0:2.0) |
2.0 × 106 | [62,63][32][33] |
Source | Name | Preparation Method | Monosaccharides Composition |
Mw (Da) | Bioactivity | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Aureobasidium melanogenum SCAU-266 |
AUM-1 | Alcohol precipitation and further purified through DEAE-column | Glc, Man, Gal (97.30:1.9:0.08) |
6.0 × 103 | Immunomodulatory activity | [74 |