Encyclopedia
Please note this is a comparison between Version 1 by Peipei Wang and Version 7 by Jessie Wu.
The unique living environment of marine microorganisms endows them with the potential to produce novel compounds with diverse biological activities. 海洋微生物独特的生存环境赋予它们产生具有多种生物活性的新型化合物的潜力。胞外多糖（Exopolysaccharide (EPS) is a high molecular weight carbohydrate polymer secreted by microorganisms during growth and metabolism. The complex and diverse structures of EPS endow them with unique biological activities and functions.PS）是一种高分子量碳水化合物聚合物，由微生物在生长和代谢过程中分泌。EPS复杂多样的结构赋予了它们独特的生物活性和功能。
- exopolysaccharides
- marine
- antioxidant activity
1. Introduction一、简介
The structure of the marine microbial 海洋微生物Exopolysaccharides (EPS)PS的结构复杂多样[ is101 complex]，与多种生物活性有关，如抗菌、抗氧化、抗癌、抗冻、抗炎、增强免疫活性和血压、降脂等。 and[ diverse102、103、104、105 ]。_ [1],_ and_ is_ linked_ to various biological activities, such as antibacterial, antioxidant, anti-cancer, antifreeze, anti-inflammatory, enhancement of immune activity and blood pressure, and lipid reduction [2][3][4][5]. In addition, due to the particularity of the marine microbial environment, the 此外，由于海洋微生物环境的特殊性，海洋微生物生产的EPS produced by marine microbials also have a potential application value in the marine ecological environment. Here, researchers mainly introduced the antioxidant activity, anticancer activity, anti-infectious activity, and immune-enhancing biological activity of the marine microbial 在海洋生态环境中也具有潜在的应用价值。在这里，我们主要介绍了海洋微生物EPS (as shown in Figure 的抗氧化活性、抗癌活性、抗感染活性和免疫增强生物活性（ 如图1所示）) and their potential application in bioremediation and carbon sequestration.及其在生物修复和碳封存中的潜在应用。
Figure图 1. Main biological activities of marine microbial EPS.海洋微生物 EPS 的主要生物活性。
2. Antioxidant Activity
2. 抗氧化活性
Oxygen氧气是好氧生物正常生命代谢的关键物质[ is106 the key substance in the normal life-metabolism of aerobic organisms [6]. In the metabolism of organisms, the living organisms inevitably produce reactive oxygen species (]。在生物体的新陈代谢中，生物体不可避免地会产生活性氧（ROS)）[ [7].107 High]。高水平的 levels of ROS may disrupt the pro-oxidant/antioxidant balanceROS 可能会破坏生物体内的促氧化剂/抗氧化剂平衡，导致氧化应激 [ in108 organisms,]；过量的 leading to oxidative stress [8]; excessive ROS will会破坏人体细胞中脂质、蛋白质和 destroy the normal function of lipids, proteins, and DNA in humanDNA 的正常功能，从而诱发各种疾病 [ cells,109 thus]。多项证据证明，抗氧化剂在保护人类免受与不同类型氧化损伤相关的癌症、糖尿病、心血管疾病和神经退行性疾病方面发挥着重要作用 inducing[ various110 diseases [9]. Several pieces of evidence have proved that antioxidants play an important role in protecting humans from cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular111 disease, and neurodegenerative diseases related to different types of oxidative damage [10][11][12]112].
海洋细菌的EPS from marine bacteria generally has strong antioxidant activity, which is related to the structural features of EPS,通常具有很强的抗氧化活性，这与EPS的结构特征有关，包括硫酸盐含量及其结合位点、单糖残基和糖苷键[ including13 sulfate]。海洋细菌 EPS 通常有助于生物膜的形成，从而适应极端环境，例如高盐度、低温和高渗透压[ content and its binding sites, monosaccharide residues, and glycosidic bonds [13]. Marine bacterial EPS often contributes to the formation of biofilms, which adapt to extreme environments, such as high salinity, low temperature, and high osmotic pressure [14][15][16]. For example,113、114、115 ]。例如， AEPS of Rhodella reticulata的 has a strongerAEPS 对超氧阴离子的清除能力强于标准抗氧化剂 α-生育酚 [ scavenging116 ability for superoxide anion]。从北极海洋极杆菌中分离出的 than the standard antioxidant α-tocopherol [17]. EPS sp isolated from Polaris marine arcticum. 。SM1127 has good antioxidant capacity. The antioxidant capacity is significantly higher than that of hyaluronic acid (具有良好的抗氧化能力。抗氧化能力明显高于化妆品中常见的自由基清除粘合剂透明质酸（HA), a common free radical scavenging binder in cosmetics, which indicates that this EPS），这表明该EPS在未来化妆品抗氧化领域具有良好的应用前景[ has59 a good application prospect in the field of cosmetic antioxidants in the future [18]. In addition, ]。此外，SM1127可以去除伤口感染和炎症产生的多余活性氧，从而加速伤口愈合。因此，这种 can remove excess reactive oxygen species produced by wound infection and inflammation, thereby accelerating wound healing. Therefore, this EPS is likelyEPS 很可能用于加速冻伤、烧伤和其他伤口的愈合 [ to60 be used to accelerate the healing of frostbite, burns and other wounds [19]. Wu et al. reported that]。吴等人。报道了由 the marine bacterium EPS EPS27 produced by P. stutzeri 273 had 产生的海洋细菌 EPS a good hydroxyl radical scavenging rate, up to EPS270% when the EPS concentration was 具有良好的羟基自由基清除率，当 EPS 浓度为 60 μg/mL. Therefore, EPS27 时可达 70%。因此，EPS27具有良好的抗氧化活性，在食品和保健领域具有潜在的应用前景[ has49 good]。皮肤是人体最大的器官，皮肤伤口愈合是一个重要的临床问题[ antioxidant activity and has potential applications in food and health care fields [20]. The skin is the largest organ of the human body, and skin wound healing is an important clinical problem [21][22][23]. Since synthetic drugs carry a high risk of side effects, such as allergy and drug resistance, natural products such as 117、118、119 ]。由于合成药物具有很高的副作用风险，例如过敏和耐药性，EPS are becoming increasingly important and are strongly recommended as alternative medicines for wound healing.等天然产物变得越来越重要，并被强烈推荐作为伤口愈合的替代药物。
Another抗氧化剂的另一个来源是海洋真菌产生的 source of antioxidants is EPS produced by marine fungi. Wang et al. A novel extracellular polysaccharide (EPS。王等人。从海洋真菌 白曲霉中发现了一种新的细胞外多糖（YSS),） consisting of Man and Gal units with a molecular weight of ，它由分子量为18.6 kDa, was discovered from the marine的Man和Gal单元组成[ fungus 85 Aspergillus kawachi [24]. ]。YSS has a strong scavenging ability to 对DPPH free radical with EC50 of 自由基有很强的清除能力，EC50为2.8 mg/mL. Chen et al. It has been reported that the marine fungus。陈等人。据报道，海洋真菌 Fusarium oxysporum produces a novel galactofuranos-containing 尖孢镰刀菌产生了一种新型的含呋喃半乳糖的EPS Fw-1, mainly composed of ，主要由Gal, Glc and Man, with a molecular weight of 、Glc和Man组成，分子量为61.2 kDa[ [25]83 ]。Fw-1对羟基和超氧自由基清除的EC50分别为1.1和2.0 The EC50 of Fw-1 for hydroxyl and superoxide radical scavenging was 1.1 and 2.0 mg/mL, respectively, which was greater than that of the EPS A. mg/mL，大于从海洋中分离出来的名为AVP的EPS 杂色曲霉 versicolor LCJ-5-4（EC named AVP isolated from the ocean ( EC50 of为 4.0 mg/mL ). The antioxidant EPS）。从海洋真菌中提取的抗氧化剂EPS单糖组成相对简单，分子量较小，更适合研究海洋多糖结构与抗氧化剂的关系[ monosaccharide80 extracted from marine fungi is relatively simple in composition and small in molecular weight, which120 is more suitable for studying the relationship between marine polysaccharide structure and antioxidants [26][27].]。
流行病学调查证明，抗氧化剂的利用与降低患心血管疾病和癌症等常见慢性疾病的风险之间存在很强的相关性。与很多关于海洋微生物Epidemiological investigations have demonstrated a strong correlation between antioxidant utilization and reduced risk of common chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and cancer. Compared with many reports on the antioxidant activity of marine microbial EPS, there are few reports on the isolation, purification and structural analysis of marine microbial EPS. It is necessary to study their structure-activity relationship in depth.PS抗氧化活性的报道相比，关于海洋微生物EPS的分离纯化和结构分析的报道较少。有必要深入研究它们的构效关系。
3. Anticancer Activity
3. 抗癌活动
Now,现在，正在积极研究具有潜在抗癌作用的无毒天然物质的新来源[ new121 sources]。在过去的十年中，人们对开发抗癌多糖药物产生了极大的兴趣。海洋微生物具有独特的代谢和生理能力，使它们能够产生各种生物化合物 of nontoxic[ 122、123、124 natural]，例如EPS 。据报道，几种海洋微生物 substances with potential anticancer effects are being actively researched [28]. In the past decade, there has been great interest in developing anticancer polysaccharide drugs. Marine microorganisms have unique metabolic and physiological capabilities that enable them to produce various biological compounds [29][30][31], such as EPS. Several marine通过线粒体功能障碍、抑制细胞增殖或调节免疫系统而具有抗癌活性 [ microbial42 EPS, have58 been, reported94 to, have125 anticancer, activity through mitochondrial dysfunction126, inhibition127 of cell proliferation, or128 modulation of the immune system [32][33][34][35][36][37][38]. Matsuda et al. investigated marine]。松田等人。研究了海洋 Pseudomonas 假单胞菌 polysaccharide 多糖B1 and found that it could induce apoptosis in U937，发现它可以诱导U937细胞凋亡[ cells128 [38]. Chen et al. The Antarctic bacterium ]。陈等人。据报道，南极细菌 Pseudoaltermonas sp has been reported . 。S-5 produces a hetero-exopolysaccharide (called PEP) that significantly inhibits the growth of human leukemia cell 产生一种杂胞外多糖（称为 PEP），可显着抑制人白血病细胞 K562 [33].的生长 [ Additionally,58 ]。此外，Ramamoorthy Sathishkumar et al. Discovery of EPS from ascidian symbiotic等人。发现来自海鞘共生细菌 Bacillus苏云金芽孢杆菌的 thuringiensis It has good anticancer activity in vitro. ComparedEPS 在体外具有良好的抗癌活性。与正常 to normal Vero cells, this polysaccharide showed potential cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines A549 and细胞相比，这种多糖对癌细胞系 A549 和 HEP-2. The inhibitory rate of EPS 显示出潜在的细胞毒性。EPS对两种癌细胞系的抑制率均呈剂量依赖性增加[ on42 both cancer cell lines]。由链格孢菌生产的 increased in a dose-dependent manner [32]. AS2-1 produced by Alternaria . The growth of 。还可以以浓度依赖性方式抑制 Hela, 、HL-60 and和 K562 cells can细胞的生长 [ also84 be inhibited in a concentration-dependent manner [39]. The marine bacterial exopolysaccharide ]。海洋细菌胞外多糖EPS11能有效抑制肝癌细胞的粘附、迁移和侵袭；这种潜在的靶蛋白和分子机制首先通过靶向 can effectively inhibit the adhesion, migration and invasion of hepatoma cells; this potential target protein and molecular mechanism were first explored by targeting the β1-integrin signalingI 型胶原蛋白的 β 1-整合素信号通路进行了探索 [ pathway126]。最近，一项研究表明，新分离的海洋细菌 of type I collagen [36]. Recently, a study showed that newly isolated marine bacterial EPS could可以通过影响关键的凋亡因子和激活 enhance the antitumor activity of HepG2 cells by affecting key apoptotic factors and activating toll-like receptors (TLRstoll 样受体 (TLR) [40].[ Other129 studies] have shown that chemical modifications of EPS, such as来增强 HepG2 细胞的抗肿瘤活性。其他研究表明，EPS 的化学修饰，如乙酰化、羧甲基化和磺化，也可以增强其生物活性 [ acetylation,130 carboxymethylation, and131 sulfonation, can also enhance its biological activity [41][42], which in turn enhances its anticancer activity. Maza et al. Two polysaccharides, ]，进而增强其抗癌活性。马扎等人。证实了两种多糖EPS-DR and 和EPS-DRS, were demonstrated to form complexes with scandium, and these complexes displayed various biological activities, especially antiproliferative properties in cancer cells.可以与钪形成复合物，并且这些复合物显示出多种生物活性，尤其是在癌细胞中的抗增殖特性。
4. Anti-infectious Disease
4. 抗传染病
EPS also plays an important role in fighting infectious diseases. Numerous studies have shown that the immunological and antiviral activities of marine microbial 在对抗传染病方面也发挥着重要作用。大量研究表明，海洋微生物EPS的免疫活性和抗病毒活性在抑制某些流感病毒和细菌方面具有潜在价值[ have132 potential value in inhibiting certain influenza viruses and bacteria [43]. ]。EPS,作为一种强效抗菌剂，主要通过抑制生物膜形成来抑制细菌生长。米赫利德 as H 等人。报道了 肠杆菌 属。来自沙特阿拉伯Ta potent antibacterial agent, mainly inhibits bacterial growth by inhibiting biofilm formation. Mihlid H et al. Enterobacteriaceae are reported. uk地区的ACD2 EPS from Tabuk region of Saudi Arabia对 大肠杆菌 showed some inhibitory effect on Escherichia coli 和 and金黄色葡萄球菌有一定的抑制作用 [ Staphylococcus aureus [44].48 ]。Durairajan Rubini et al. reported a marine polysaccharide with good antibacterial activity and等人。报道了一种海洋多糖，具有良好的抗菌活性和对泌尿致病 strong inhibitory effect against uropathogenic Escherichia coli 性大肠杆菌的强抑制作用 (UPEC),，为治疗尿路感染提供了一种无抗生素的方法 providing[ an133 antibiotic-free approach for the treatment of urinary tract infections [45]. Similarly, Wu et al. ]。同样，吴等人。据报道，来自海洋细菌 The exopolysaccharide EPS273 from the culture supernatant of the marine bacterium P. stutzeri 273 was reported to inhibit P. aeruginosa via anti-biofilm activity [20]. It 273 培养上清液的胞外多糖 isEPS273 通过抗生物膜活性抑制铜绿假单胞菌[ 49 not only effective against animal bacteria but also plant bacteria. ]。它不仅对动物细菌有效，对植物细菌也有效。Marwa Drira et al. E等人。发现 PS produced by Porphyridium sordidum产生的 was found to lead to plant control of fungal growth, and EPS couldEPS 导致植物对真菌生长的控制，EPS 可以作为诱导剂增强拟南芥对 尖孢镰刀菌的抗性 [ act24 as an inducer to enhance the resistance of Arabidopsis to]。此外，来自 FusaPorium oxphysporum [46]. In adridition, sulfatedm的硫酸化 EPS from Porphyridium sp. Antiviral effects have been shown against herpesviruses (sp。已显示对疱疹病毒（HSV-1 and和 HSV-2)）的抗病毒作用 [47][48].
5. Immunomodulatory Activity
5. 免疫调节活性
免疫系统的主要功能是识别和消除病原体，以维持生理平衡和稳定[ immune136 system]。当免疫力受损时，会导致各种不良免疫反应[ is137 to]。海洋微生物合成的几种EPS具有免疫调节活性[ recognize45、60、61、74、138、139、140 and] eliminate。_ 例如，一种名为 pathogens to maintain physiological balance and stability [49]. When immunity is compromised, various adverse immune responses result [50]. Several EPSs synthesized by marine microorganisms have immunomodulatory activities [19][51][52][53][54][55][56]. For example, an 2EPS1 called EPS2E1 was extracted from the marine的 EPS 是从海洋 Halomonas sp. And showed good immune-enhancing activity, mainly by activating MAPK and中提取的。并显示出良好的免疫增强活性，主要是通过激活 MAPK 和 NF-κB pathways途径 [57].[ 56]。Soumya Chatterjee et al. reported Sphingobacter sp., a new 等人。报道了鞘氨醇杆菌，一种来自北极鞘氨醇杆菌的新α-mannan 甘露聚糖EPS from Sphingobacter arcticum. 。IITKGP-BTPF3 significantly reduced LPS-induced NO production显着降低了 LPS 诱导的巨噬细胞的 NO 产生。这些结果表明，鞘氨醇对体外巨噬细胞的抗炎作用具有潜在的激活作用[ in57 macrophages. These results suggest that sphingosine has a potential activating effect on the anti-inflammatory effects of macrophages in vitro [58]. On the one hand, there is evidence that marine microbial ]。一方面，有证据表明，海洋微生物EPS can induce the expression of cytokines, such as interleukin (可诱导细胞因子的表达，如白细胞介素（IL), tumor necrosis factor (IF-α),）、肿瘤坏死因子（IF-α）和干扰素[ and141 interferon [59]. ]。此外，Additionally, Adriana et al. It has been reported that 等人。报道称，EPS-1 may help improve immune surveillance of PBMCs against viral infection by inducing polarization in favor of Th1 subsets. Bacillus licheniformisProduced 可通过引发有利于 Th1 亚群的极化，从而有助于改善 PBMC 对病毒感染的免疫监视。地衣芽孢杆菌生产的EPS-1 可诱导细胞因子的产生以增强免疫调节 induces[ cytokine138 production]。它主要促进巨噬细胞分泌在 to enhance immune regulation [54]RAW264.7 It mainly promotes macrophage secretion of mediators and enzymes, such as NO, COX-2, IL-1, IL-6 and巨噬细胞中发挥重要介导炎症和组织修复作用的介质和酶，如 NO、COX-2、IL-1、IL-6 和 TNF-α,。142、143、144、145 ]。_ which_ play_ an_ important role in mediating inflammation and tissue repair in RAW264.7 macrophages [60][61][62][63]._ YCP, a native EPS derived from the mycelium of the marine filamentous fungus是一种来自海洋丝状真菌 Phoma herbarum YS4108 ,YS4108 binds to菌丝体的天然 EPS，可与 TLR-2 and和 TLR-4, and is expressed by T cells and dendritic cells (DC) It 结合，并通过表现出由 T 细胞和树突状细胞 (DC) 介导的特定免疫调节能力而具有巨大的抗肿瘤潜力。146] has great antitumor potential due to specific immunomodulatory ability mediated [64]. Recently, a novel EPS (。最近，从海洋AUM-1) SCAU-266 was obtained from marine Aureobasidium melanogenum中获得了一种新型 with potential effects on ferroptosis-related immunomodulatory properties in EPS (AUM-1) SCAU-266，对 RAW264.7 cells. Mechanistic studies have shown that due to higher levels of reactive oxygen species in glutamate metabolism and TCA cycle, it can regulate the expression of GPX4, regulate glutathione (oxidation), and directly cause lipid peroxidation ( Figure 细胞中与铁死亡相关的免疫调节特性具有潜在影响。机理研究表明，由于谷氨酸代谢和TCA循环的活性氧水平较高，它可以调节GPX4的表达，调节谷胱甘肽（氧化），直接引起脂质过氧化（图2）[ )74 [53].]。
