The resurgence and re-emergence of fatal viral infections pose a grave threat to public health. The emergence and spread of animal viruses are existential threats to humanity due to a number of intertwined and synergistic events, such as altered human behaviors, high-density rapid urbanization and demographic shift, modernization that encourages people with high mobility, large gatherings, global warming and destruction that altered the ecosystem, and an inadequate global public health system. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of retrovirus that infects humans.
Compound Name [Ref.] | Compound Type | Microbial Strain | Strain Origin/Host | Viral Target | IC | 50 | /EC | 50 | /ED | 50 | Target Inhibition | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
alachalasin A | [5] | alkaloid | Podospora vesticola | XJ03-56-1 | glacier | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 8.01 μM | ND | |||
pestalofone A | [8] | terpenoid | Pestalotiopsis fici | W106-1 | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 90.4 μM | ND | |||
pestalofone B | [8] | terpenoid | P. fici | W106-1 | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 64.0 μM | ND | |||
pestalofone E | [8] | terpenoid | P. fici | W106-2 | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 93.7 μM | ND | |||
pestaloficiol G | [8] | terpenoid | P. fici | W106-3 | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 89.2 μM | ND | |||
pestaloficiol H | [8] | terpenoid | P. fici | W106-4 | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 89.2 μM | ND | |||
pestaloficiol J | [8] | terpenoid | P. fici | W106-5 | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 8 μM | ND | |||
pestaloficiol K | [8] | terpenoid | P. fici | W106-6 | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 78.2 μM | ND | |||
epicoccin G | [12] | alkaloid | Epicoccum nigrum | XZC04-CS-302 | Cordyceps sinensis | fungus | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 13.5 μM | ND | ||
epicoccin H | [12] | alkaloid | E. nigrum | XZC04-CS-302 | C. sinensis | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 42.2 μM | ND | |||
diphenylalazine A | [12] | peptide | E. nigrum | XZC04-CS-302 | C. sinensis | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 27.9 μM | ND | |||
bacillamide B | [10] | peptide | Tricladium sp. | No. 2520 | soil in which | C. sinensis | grow | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 24.8 μM | ND | |
armochaetoglobin K | [11] | alkaloid | Chaetomium globosum | TW 1-1 | Armadillidium vulgare | insect | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 1.23 μM | ND | ||
armochaetoglobin L | [11] | alkaloid | C. globosum | TW 1-1 | A. vulgare | insect | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 0.48 μM | ND | ||
armochaetoglobin M | [11] | alkaloid | C. globosum | TW 1-1 | A. vulgare | insect | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 0.55μM | ND | ||
armochaetoglobin N | [11] | alkaloid | C. globosum | TW 1-1 | A. vulgare | insect | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 0.25 μM | ND | ||
armochaetoglobin O | [11] | alkaloid | C. globosum | TW 1-1 | A. vulgare | insect | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 0.61 μM | ND | ||
armochaetoglobin P | [11] | alkaloid | C. globosum | TW 1-1 | A. vulgare | insect | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 0.68 μM | ND | ||
armochaetoglobin Q | [11] | alkaloid | C. globosum | TW 1-1 | A. vulgare | insect | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 0.31 μM | ND | ||
armochaetoglobin R | [11] | alkaloid | C. globosum | TW 1-1 | A. vulgare | insect | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 0.34 μM | ND | ||
stachybotrin D | [13] | terpenoid | Stachybotrys chartarum | MXH-X73 | Xestospongia testudinaris | sponge | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 8.4 μM | replication | ||
stachybotrysam A | [14] | alkaloid | S. chartarum | CGMCC 3.5365. | ND | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 9.3 μM | ND | |||
stachybotrysam B | [14] | alkaloid | S. chartarum | CGMCC 3.5365. | ND | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 1.0 μM | ND | |||
stachybotrysam C | [14] | alkaloid | S. chartarum | CGMCC 3.5365. | ND | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | = 9.6 μM | ND | |||
chartarutine B | [15] | alkaloid | S. chartarum | WGC-25C-6 | Niphates | sp. sponge | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | = 4.90 μM | ND | ||
chartarutine G | [15] | alkaloid | S. chartarum | WGC-25C-6 | Niphates | sp. sponge | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | = 5.57 μM | ND | ||
chartarutine H | [15] | alkaloid | S. chartarum | WGC-25C-6 | Niphates | sp. sponge | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | = 5.58 μM | ND | ||
malformin C | [16] | peptide | Aspergillus niger | SCSIO Jcsw6F30 | marine | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | = 1.4 μM | entry | |||
aspernigrin C | [17] | alkaloid | A. niger | SCSIO Jcsw6F30 | marine | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | = 4.7 μM | entry | |||
eutypellazine E | [18] | alkaloid | Eutypella | sp. MCCC 3A00281 | deep sea sediment | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | = 3.2 μM | ND | |||
truncateol O | [19] | terpenoid | Truncatella angustata | XSB-01-43 | Amphimedon | sp. sponge | HIV-1 and H1N1 | IC | 50 | = 39.0 μM (HIV) and 30.4 μM (H1N1) | ND | ||
truncateol P | [19] | terpenoid | T. angustata | XSB-01-43 | Amphimedon | sp. sponge | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | = 16.1 μM | ND | ||
penicillixanthone A | [20] | polyketide | Aspergillus fumigatus | jellyfish | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | = 0.26 μM | entry | ||||
DTM | [21] | polyketide | C. globosum | deep sea sediment | HIV-1 | 75.1% at 20 μg/mL | ND | ||||||
epicoccone B | [21] | polyketide | C. globosum | deep sea sediment | HIV-1 | 88.4% at 20 μg/mL | ND | ||||||
xylariol | [21] | polyketide | C. globosum | deep sea sediment | HIV-1 | 70.2% at 20 μg/mL | ND | ||||||
phomonaphthalenone A | [22] | polyketide | Phomopsis sp. | HCCB04730 | Stephania japonica | -plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 11.6 μg/mL | ND | ||
bostrycoidin | [22] | polyketide | Phomopsis sp. | HCCB04730 | S. japonica | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 9.4 μg/mL | ND | ||
altertoxin I | [23] | phenalene | Alternaria tenuissima | QUE1Se | Quercus emoryi | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 1.42 μM | ND | ||
altertoxin II | [23] | phenalene | A. tenuissima | QUE1Se | Q. emoryi | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 0.21 μM | ND | ||
altertoxin III | [23] | phenalene | A. tenuissima | QUE1Se | Q. emoryi | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 0.29 μM | ND | ||
alternariol 5-O-methyl ether | [24] | phenolic | Colletotrichum | sp | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | EC | 50 | : 30.9 μM | replication | |||
ergokonin A | [25] | terpenoid | Trichoderma | sp. Xy24 | Xylocarpus granatum | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 22.3 μM | ND | ||
ergokonin B | [25] | terpenoid | Trichoderma | sp. Xy24 | X. granatum | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 1.9 μM | ND | ||
sorrentanone | [25] | terpenoid | Trichoderma | sp. Xy24 | X. granatum | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 4.7 μM | ND | ||
cerevisterol | [25] | terpenoid | Trichoderma | sp. Xy24 | X. granatum | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 9.3 μM | ND | ||
phomopsone B | [26] | alkaloid | Phomopsis | sp. CGMCC 5416 | Achyranthes bidentata | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 7.6 μmol/L | ND | ||
phomopsone C | [26] | alkaloid | Phomopsis | sp. CGMCC 5416 | A. bidentata | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 0.5 μmol/L | ND | ||
pericochlorosin B | [27] | polyketide | Periconia | sp. F-31 | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 2.2 μM | ND | |||
asperphenalenone A | [28] | alkaloid | Aspergillus | sp. | Kadsura longipedunculata | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 4.5 μM | ND | ||
asperphenalenone D | [28] | alkaloid | Aspergillus | sp. | K. longipedunculata | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 2.4 μM | ND | ||
cytochalasin Z | 8 | [28] | alkaloid | Aspergillus | sp. | K. longipedunculata | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 9.2 μM | ND | |
epicocconigrone A | [28] | alkaloid | Aspergillus | sp. | K. longipedunculata | plant endophyte | HIV-1 | IC | 50 | : 6.6 μM | ND | ||
neoechinulin B/NeoB | [29][30][31] | alkaloid | Aspergillus amstelodami | ND | HCV and SARS-CoV-2 | IC | 50 | : 5.5 μM (HCV) and 32.9 μM (SARS-CoV-2) | replication | ||||
Eurotium rubrum F33 | marine sediment | H1N1 | IC50; 7 μM | entry | |||||||||
raistrickindole A | [32] | alkaloid | Penicillium raistrickii | IMB17-034 | mangrove sediment | HCV | EC | 50 | : 5.7 μM | ND | |||
raistrickin | [32] | alkaloid | P. raistrickii | IMB17-035 | mangrove sediment | HCV | EC | 50 | : 7.0 μM | ND | |||
sclerotigenin | [32] | alkaloid | P. raistrickii | IMB17-036 | mangrove sediment | HCV | EC | 50 | : 5.8 μM | ND | |||
harzianoic acid A | [25] | terpenoid | Trichoderma harzianum | LZDX-32-08 | Xestospongia testudinaria | sponge | HCV | IC | 50 | : 5.5 μM | entry | ||
harzianoic acid B | [25] | terpenoid | T. harzianum | LZDX-32-08 | X. testudinaria | sponge | HCV | IC | 50 | : 42.9 μM | entry | ||
peniciherquamide C | [33] | peptide | Penicillium herquei | P14190 | seaweed | HCV | IC | 50: | 5.1 μM | ND | |||
cyclo (L-Tyr-L-Pro) | [34] | peptide | Aspergillus versicolor | Spongia officinalis | sponge | HCV | IC | 50 | : 8.2 μg/mL | replication | |||
7-dehydroxyl-zinniol | [35] | alkaloid | Alternia solani | Aconitum transsectum | plant endophyte | HBV | IC | 50 | : 0.38 mM | ND | |||
THA | [36] | polyketide | Penicillium | sp. OUCMDZ-4736 | mangrove sediment | HBV | IC | 50 | : 4.63 μM | ND | |||
MDMX | [36] | polyketide | Penicillium | sp. OUCMDZ-4736 | mangrove | sediment | HBV | IC | 50 | : 11.35 μM | ND | ||
vanitaracin A | [37] | polyketide | Talaromyces | sp. | sand | HBV | IC | 50 | : 10.58 μM | entry | |||
destruxin A | [38] | peptide | Metarhizium anisopliae | var. | dcjhyium | Odontoternes formosanus | termite | HBV | IC | 50 | : 1.2 μg/mL (mix A+B+E) | ND | |
destruxin B | [38] | peptide | M. anisopliae | var. | dcjhyium; | O. formosanus | termite | HBV | IC | 50 | : 1.2 μg/mL (mix A+B+E) | ND | |
destruxin E | [38] | peptide | M. anisopliae | var. | dcjhyium | O. formosanus | termite | HBV | IC | 50 | : 1.2 μg/mL (mix A+B+E) | ND | |
amphiepicoccin A | [12] | alkaloid | Epicoccum nigrum | HDN17-88 | Amphilophus | sp. fish gill | HSV-2 | IC | 50 | : 70 μM | ND | ||
amphiepicoccin C | [12] | alkaloid | E. nigrum | HDN17-88 | Amphilophus | sp. fish gill | HSV-2 | IC | 50 | : 64 μM | ND | ||
amphiepicoccin F | [12] | alkaloid | E. nigrum | HDN17-88 | Amphilophus | sp. fish gill | HSV-2 | IC | 50: | 29 μM | ND | ||
aspergillipeptide D | [39] | peptide | Aspergillus | sp. SCSIO 41501 | gorgonian coral | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | : 7.93 μM | entry | |||
aspergilol H | [40] | polyketide | Aspergillus versicolor | SCSIO 41501 | deep sea sediment | HSV-1 | EC | 50 | = 4.68 μM | ND | |||
aspergilol I | [40] | polyketide | A. versicolor | SCSIO 41503 | deep sea sediment | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 6.25 μM | ND | |||
coccoquinone A | [40] | polyketide | A. versicolor | SCSIO 41504 | deep sea sediment | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 3.12 μM | ND | |||
trichobotrysin A | [41] | alkaloid | Trichobotrys effuse | DFFSCS021 | deep sea sediment | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 3.08 μM | ND | |||
trichobotrysin B | [41] | alkaloid | Trichobotrys effuse | DFFSCS021 | deep sea sediment | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 9.37 μM | ND | |||
trichobotrysin D | [41] | alkaloid | Trichobotrys effuse | DFFSCS021 | deep sea sediment | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 3.12 μM | ND | |||
11a-dehydroxyisoterreulactone A | [42] | terpenoid | Aspergillus terreus | SCSGAF0162 | gorgonian corals | Echinogorgia aurantiaca | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 16.4 μg/mL | ND | ||
arisugacin A | [42] | terpenoid | Aspergillus terreus | SCSGAF0162 | gorgonian corals | E. aurantiaca | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 6.34 μg/mL | ND | ||
isobutyrolactone II | [42] | terpenoid | Aspergillus terreus | SCSGAF0162 | gorgonian corals | E. aurantiaca | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 21.8 μg/mL | ND | ||
aspernolide A | [42] | terpenoid | Aspergillus terreus | SCSGAF0162 | gorgonian corals | E. aurantiaca | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 28.9 μg/mL | ND | ||
halovir A | [43] | peptide | Scytalidium | sp. | NI | HSV-1 and HSV-2 | ED | 50 | = 1.1 μM (HSV-1) and 0.28 (HSV-2) | ND | |||
halovir B | [43] | peptide | Scytalidium | sp. | NI | HSV-1 | ED | 50 | = 3.5 μM | ND | |||
halovir C | [43] | peptide | Scytalidium | sp. | NI | HSV-1 | ED | 50 | = 2.2 μM | ND | |||
halovir D | [43] | peptide | Scytalidium | sp. | NI | HSV-1 | ED | 50 | = 2.0 μM | ND | |||
halovir E | [43] | peptide | Scytalidium | sp. | NI | HSV-1 | ED | 50 | = 3.1 μM | ND | |||
balticolid | [44] | polyketide | Ascomycetous fungus | driftwood | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 0.45 μM | ND | ||||
alternariol | [45] | phenolic | Pleospora tarda | Ephedra aphylla | endphyte | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 13.5 μM | ND | |||
alternariol-(9)-methyl ether | [45] | phenolic | Pleospora tarda | E. aphylla | endophyte | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | = 21.3 μM | ND | |||
oblongolide Z | [46] | polyketide | Phomopsis | sp. BCC 9789 | Musa acuminata | endophyte | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | : 14 μM | ND | ||
DHI | [47] | phenolic | Torrubiella tenuis | BCC 12732 | Homoptera scale insect | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | : 50 μg/mL | ND | |||
cordyol C | [48] | polyketide | Cordyceps | sp. BCC 1861 | Homoptera-cicada nymph | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | : 1.3 μg/mL | ND | |||
DTD | [49] | polyketide | Streptomyces hygroscopicus | 17997 | GdmP mutant | HSV-1 | IC | 50 | : 0.252 μgmol/L | ND | |||
labyrinthopeptin A1/LabyA1 | [50] | peptide | Actinomadura namibiensis | DSM 6313 | desert soil | HSV-1 and HSV-2 | EC | 50 | = 0.56 μM (HSV-1) and 0.32 μM (HSV-2) | entry | |||
HIV-1 and HIV-2 | EC | 50 | = 2.0 μM (HIV-1) and 1.9 μM (HIV-2) | entry | |||||||||
monogalactopyranose | [51] | polyphenol | Acremonium | sp. BCC 14080 | palm leaf | HSV | IC | 50 | : 7.2 μM | ND | |||
mellisol | [52] | polyketide | Xylaria mellisii | BCC 1005 | NI | HSV | IC | 50 | : 10.5 μg/mL | ND | |||
DOG | [52] | polyketide | Xylaria mellisii | BCC 1005 | NI | HSV | IC | 50 | : 8.4 μg/mL | ND | |||
spirostaphylotrichin X | [53] | polyketide | Cochliobolus lunatus | SCSIO41401 | marine algae | H1N1 and H3N2 | IC | 50 | : 1.6 μM (H1N1) and 4.1 μM (H3N2) | replication | |||
cladosin C | [54] | polyketide | Cladosporium sphaerospermum | 2005-01-E3 | deep sea sludge | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 276 μM | ND | |||
abyssomicin Y | [50] | polyketide | Verrucosispora | sp. MS100137 | deep sea sediment | H1N1 | inhibition rate: 97.9% | ND | |||||
purpurquinone B | [55] | polyketide | Penicillium purpurogenum | JS03-21 | acidic red soil | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 61.3 μM | ND | |||
purpurquinone C | [55] | polyketide | Penicillium purpurogenum | JS03-22 | acidic red soil | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 64 μM | ND | |||
purpurester A | [55] | polyketide | Penicillium purpurogenum | JS03-23 | acidic red soil | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 85.3 μM | ND | |||
TAN-931 | [55] | polyketide | Penicillium purpurogenum | JS03-24 | acidic red soil | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 58.6 μM | ND | |||
pestalotiopsone B | [56] | polyketide | Diaporthe | sp. SCSIO 41011 | Rhizophora stylosa | mangrove endophte | H1N1 and H3N2 | IC | 50 | : 2.56 μM (H1N1) and 6.76 μM (H3N2) | ND | ||
pestalotiopsone F | [56] | polyketide | Diaporthe | sp. SCSIO 41012 | R. stylosa | mangrove endophte | H1N1 and H3N2 | IC | 50 | : 21.8 μM (H1N1) and 6.17 μM (H3N2) | ND | ||
DMXC | [56] | polyketide | Diaporthe | sp. SCSIO 41013 | R. stylosa | mangrove endophte | H1N1 and H3N2 | IC | 50 | : 9.4 μM (H1N1) and 5.12 μM (H3N2) | ND | ||
5-chloroisorotiorin | [56] | polyketide | Diaporthe | sp. SCSIO 41014 | R. stylosa | mangrove endophte | H1N1 and H3N2 | IC | 50 | : 2.53 μM (H1N1) and 10.1 μM (H3N2) | ND | ||
3-deoxo-4b-deoxypaxilline | [57] | alkaloid | Penicillium camemberti | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 28.3 μM | ND | ||||
DCA | [57] | alkaloid | P. camemberti | OUCMDZ-1492 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 38.9 μM | ND | |||
DPT | [57] | alkaloid | P. camemberti | OUCMDZ-1492 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 32.2 μM | ND | |||
9,10-diisopentenylpaxilline | alkaloid | P. camemberti | OUCMDZ-1492 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 73.3 μM | ND | ||||
TTD | [57] | alkaloid | P. camemberti | OUCMDZ-1492 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 34.1 μM | ND | |||
emindole SB | [57] | alkaloid | P. camemberti | OUCMDZ-1492 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 26.2 μM | ND | |||
21-isopentenylpaxilline | [57] | alkaloid | P. camemberti | OUCMDZ-1492 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 6.6 μM | ND | |||
paspaline | [57] | alkaloid | P. camemberti | OUCMDZ-1492 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 77.9 μM | ND | |||
paxilline | [57] | alkaloid | P. camemberti | OUCMDZ-1492 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 17.7 μM | ND | |||
(14S)-oxoglyantrypine | [58] | alkaloid | Cladosporium | sp. PJX-41 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 85 μM | ND | |||
norquinadoline A | [58] | alkaloid | Cladosporium | sp. PJX-42 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 82 μM | ND | |||
deoxynortryptoquivaline | [58] | alkaloid | Cladosporium | sp. PJX-43 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 85 μM | ND | |||
deoxytryptoquivaline | [58] | alkaloid | Cladosporium | sp. PJX-44 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 85 μM | ND | |||
tryptoquivaline | [58] | alkaloid | Cladosporium | sp. PJX-45 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 89 μM | ND | |||
quinadoline B | [58] | alkaloid | Cladosporium | sp. PJX-46 | mangrove sediment | H1N1 | IC | 50 | : 82 μM | ND | |||
22-O-(N-Me-l-valyl)-21-epi-aflaquinolone B | [59] | alkaloid | Aspergillus | sp strain XS-2009 | Muricella abnormaliz | gorgonian | RSV | IC | 50 | : 0.042 μM | ND | ||
aflaquinolone D | [59] | alkaloid | Aspergillus | sp strain XS-2009 | M. abnormaliz | gorgonian | RSV | IC | 50 | : 6.6 μM | ND | ||
aurasperone A | [60] | polyphenol | Aspergillus niger | No.LC582533 | Phallusia nigra | tunicate | SARS-CoV-2 | IC | 50 | : 12.25 μM | replication | ||
neoechinulin A | [30] | alkaloid | Aspergillus fumigatus | MR2012 | marine sediment | SARS-CoV-2 | IC | 50 | : 0.47 μM | replication | |||
aspulvinone D | [61] | polyphenol | Cladosporium | sp. 7951 | Paris polyphylla | endophyte | SARS-CoV-2 | IC | 50 | : 10.3 μM | replication | ||
aspulvinone M | [61] | polyphenol | Cladosporium | sp. 7951 | P. polyphylla | endophyte | SARS-CoV-2 | IC | 50 | : 9.4 μM | replication | ||
aspulvinone R | [61] | polyphenol | Cladosporium | sp. 7952 | P. polyphylla | endophyte | SARS-CoV-2 | IC | 50 | : 7.7 μM | replication |