The well-known food safety associated with the consumption of hibiscus, rooibos, or yerba mate, and the acceptance of these herbs linked to pleasant taste, have elicited great interest in defining their nutraceutical potential. These plants produce several bioactive metabolites, have a pleasant taste, and a long-lasting history as safe foods. These plants produce several bioactive metabolites, have a pleasant taste, and a long-lasting history as safe foods. This pape r reviews the literature on hibiscus, rooibos, and yerba mate teas in the context of nutritional strategies for the attenuation of oxidative stress-related glycoxidation and neurodegeneration was reviewed, and, here, Alzheimer’s Disease is approached as an example. The focus is given to mechanisms of glycation inhibition, as well as neuroprotective in vitro effects, and, in animal studies, to frame interest in these plants as nutraceutical agents related to current health concerns.
Assay | Species [Extract] |
Measure | Dose or EC50 | Reference |
Antioxidant | H. sabdariffa [Ethanolic] |
Lipid peroxidation (SH-SY5Y cells) |
Control: 800% Extract (100 µg/mL): 300% |
[4][141] |
ROS production (SH-SY5Y cells) |
Control: 130% Extract (100 µg/mL): 100% |
|||
H. sabdariffa [Methanolic] |
Malondialdehyde | EC50 22 μg/mL | [8][144] |
Target Effect/Organ | Species [Extract] | Concentration | Animal Model | Measure | Effect | Tendency | Reference |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Antioxidant/Brain | |||||||
CAT | |||||||
Control (Cypermethrin): 0.04 µmol/min/mg | |||||||
Extract: 0.06 µmol/min/mg |
Extract | Measure | Dose or EC50 | Reference | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. linearis | [Aqueous] |
1 g/100 mL | Immobilization-induced oxidative stress Sprague Dawley rats | CAT | Control (Stress): 2 unit/mg Extract: 3 unit/mg |
↑ | [6][ |
Aqueous | AChE inhibition | ||||||
AChE inhibition | |||||||
↓ | |||||||
Control (galantamine): IC | 50 | 7 μg/mL White hibiscus extract: IC50 | 143 | ] | |||
FFA | Control (Stress): 700 µg/mL Extract: 650 µg/mL |
↓ | |||||
GSH/GSSG | Control (Stress): 7.5 Extract: 9 | IC50 46.96 μg/mL | [8][144] | Monoamine Oxidase | EC50 44 μg/mL | ||
BChE inhibition | EC50ATPase activity | EC50 22 μg/mL | |||||
Anti-glycoxidation | A. linearis [Aqueous] |
AGE formation inhibition (Fluorescence 340/420 nm) Glucose in BSA system |
Control (aminoguanidine): 45% Green extract (200 μg/mL): 45% Fermented extract (200 μg/mL): 55% |
[9][145] | |||
40.38 μg/mL | H. rosa-sinensis [Aqueous] |
AGE formation inhibition (Fluorescence 340/420 nm) Fructose in BSA system |
Control (Aminoguanidine): IC50 6 μg/mL Extract: IC50 67 μg/mL |
[10][146] | |||
I. paraguariensis [Aqueous] |
AGE formation inhibition (Fluorescence 340/420 nm) Fructose in BSA system |
Control (Fructose): 4000 a.u. Extract (2.5 µg/mL): 3000 a.u. |
[11][147] | ||||
AGE formation inhibition (Fluorescence 340/420 nm) Methylglyoxal in BSA system |
Control (green tea): 65 a.u. Extract (20 µg/mL): 42 a.u. |
[12][20] |
↑ | ||||||
HIAA | Control (Stress): 400 mg/g tissue Extract: 350 mg/g tissue |
↓ | ||||
Lipid peroxidation | Control (Stress): 50 nmol/g tissue Extract: 40 nmol/g tissue |
↓ | ||||
SOD | Control (Stress): 1 unit/mg Extract: 1.7 unit/mg |
↑ | ||||
H. rosa-sinensis [Aqueous] |
25 mg/kg body weight | STZ induced diabetic Male Sprague-Dawley | CAT | Control (Diabetic): 5 U/mg Extract: 10 U/mg |
↑ | [5][142] |
SOD | Control (Diabetic): 7 U/mg Extract: 15 U/mg |
↑ | ||||
↓ | ||||||
Lifespan | Control: 15 days Extract: 17 days |
↑ | ||||
ROS production | Control: 100% Extract: 50% |
↓ | ||||
H2O2 | ||||||
500 mg/kg | Control (Cypermethrin): 1.2 µmol/mg Extract: 0.3 µmol/mg |
↓ | ||||
Male C57Bl/6 mice | Catalepsy | MDA | Control (Cypermethrin): 2 µmol/mg Extract: 0.5 µmol/mg |
↓ | ||
123 μg/mL | Red hibiscus extract: IC50 106 μg/mL | [18][25] | ||||
Ethanolic | PC12 cells Inhibition of cell apoptosis | Control (SGD): 65 apoptotic cells Extract (60 µg/mL): 30 apoptotic cells |
[35][166] |
Species [Extract] |
Concentration | Animal Model | Measure | Effect | Tendency | Reference | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
A. linearis [Aqueous] |
100 mg/mL | Zebrafish larvae | Monoamine oxidase | Control (Clorgyline): 100% Extract: 60% |
↓ | [44][174] | |||||||
Cell viability | Control: 100% Extract: 40% |
↓ | |||||||||||
H. sabdariffa | |||||||||||||
[Aqueous] | |||||||||||||
12.5 µg/mL | Zebrafish larvae | ROS production | Control: 600% (120 min) Extract: 200% (120 min) |
↓ | |||||||||
H. sabdariffa [Aqueous] |
200 mg/kg BW | Male Swiss albino mice | Moris water test | Control (STZ): 20 sExtract: 30 s | ↑ | [18][25] | |||||||
200 mg/kg body weight | Male Swiss albino mice | ||||||||||||
BACE1 | Control (STZ): 5 (fold change) White hibiscus extract: 2 (fold change) Red hibiscus extract: 2 (fold change) |
↓ | |||||||||||
Aβ-42 | Control (STZ): 250 mg/mg tissue White hibiscus extract: 100 mg/mg tissue Red hibiscus extract: 100 mg/mg tissue |
↓ | |||||||||||
γ-secretase | Control (STZ): 3.5 (fold change) White hibiscus extract: 1 (fold change) Red hibiscus extract: 1 (fold change) |
↓ | |||||||||||
H. sabdariffa [Ethanolic] |
500 mg/kg BW | Swiss albino mice | AChE activity | Control (Scopolamin): 44 nM/min/g tissue Extract: 33 nM/min/g tissue |
↓ | [45][175] | MDA | Control (STZ): 3 nmol/g White hibiscus extract: 0.5 nmol/g Red hibiscus extract: 0.5 nmol/g |
↓ | [18][25] | |||
MPO | Control (STZ): 75 µg/mg tissue White hibiscus extract: 20 µg/mg tissue Red hibiscus extract: 20 µg/mg tissue |
↓ | |||||||||||
Cox-2 | Control (STZ): 4 (fold change) White hibiscus extract: 1 (fold change) Red hibiscus extract: 1 (fold change) |
↓ | |||||||||||
H. sabdariffa |
Control (reserpine): 120 s | Extract: 60 s | ↓ | [47 | I. paraguariensis [Aqueous] |
200 mg/mL | Chronic immobilization stress male Wistar rats | GSH/GSSG | Control: 0.48 Extract: 0.50 |
→ | [22][154] | ||
Lipid peroxidation | Control: 2.1 TBA/mg | ||||||||||||
I. paraguariensis [Aqueous] |
10.5 mg/L | Caenorhabditis elegans | Aluminum induced oxidative stress | Control: 0.6 µM/h/mg Extract: 0.4 µM/h/mg |
↓ | [46][176] Extract: 1.3 TBA/mg |
↓ | ||||||
200 mg/mL | Male Wistar rats | GSH/GSSG | Control: 4.7 | ||||||||||
I. paraguariensis [Ethanolic] |
4 mg/mL | C. elegans | Aβ-42 expression |
Control: 1 a.u. Extract: 0.6 a.u. |
↓ | [39][170] | [Ethanolic] | 500 mg/kg body weight | Cypermethrin oxidative stress male mice (Mus musculus) | AChE | Control (Cypermethrin): 0.5 µmol/min/mg Extract: 2.5 µmol/min/mg |
↓ | [32][163] |
] | [ | 177 | ] | Extract: 16.6 | ↑ | ||||||||
300 mg/kg BW | Male Swiss mice | Elevated Plus Maze | Control: 17% Extract:40% |
↑ | [48][ | [21][153] | |||||||
Lipid peroxidation | Control: 1.3 MDA eq/mg Extract: 0.3 MDA eq/mg |
↓ | |||||||||||
50 mg/kg BW | |||||||||||||
AChE activity | 178 | ] | |||||||||||
AChE | Control: 4.5 mmol/min/mg Extract: 8.0 mmol/min/mg |
↑ | PTZ-induced seizure male Wistar rats | CAT | Control (PTZ): 5 mmol/min/mg Extract: 9 mmol/min/mg |
↑ | [33][164] | ||||||
SOD | Control (PTZ): 15.50 U/mg Extract: 23 U/mg |
↑ | |||||||||||
Sulfhydryl protein | Control (PTZ): 0.09 nmol DTNB/mg Extract: 0.31 nmol DTNB/mg |
↑ | |||||||||||
Anti-glycoxidation | H. rosa-sinensis [Ethanolic] |
25 mg/kg BW | STZ induced diabetic Male Sprague-Dawley | Glycated hemoglobin | Control: 13% Extract: 6% |
↓ | [5][142] | ||||||
H. sabdariffa [Methanolic] |
200 mg/kg BW | STZ induced diabetic Male Sprague-Dawley | Serum glucose | Diabetic control: 400 mg/dL Extract: 100 mg/dL |
↓ | [31][162] | |||||||
AGE levels | Diabetic control: 4.5 mg/mL Extract: 3 mg/dL |
↓ |
Methanolic |
Control: 100% |
Extract: 50% |
Step-down avoidance task |
Control: 170 s |
Extract: 70 s |
↓ |