Silkworm Pupae | Encyclopedia MDPI

Silkworm Pupae: Comparison

Please note this is a comparison between Version 3 by Yaxi Zhou and Version 2 by Yaxi Zhou.

蚕蛹对人类健康的意义是有益的，营养价值高，更重要的是食用后可发挥多种药理作用。 Silkworm pupae are insects that are beneficial to human health, not only for their high nutritional value but, more importantly, for the variety of pharmacological functions they can perform when consumed.

silkworm pupae
composition
functional food

一、简介

1. Introduction

The silkworm is a lepidopteran insect. The life of a silkworm usually goes through five stages, lasting a total of about seven weeks. When the silkworm eggs hatch, they turn into newly hatched black and brown silkworms. After feeding and growing and shedding its shell five times, the silkworm becomes a mature silkworm, stops feeding, and starts to spit out a lot of silk in preparation for cocooning. This process takes 24–28 days. After 4 days of cocooning, the matured silkworm turns into a silkworm pupa. After about 2 weeks, the silkworm pupae turns into silkworm moths. The silkworm moths finish laying eggs within 3–5 days and die soon afterwards. Silkworm pupae are considered to be the harvest period for silkworm consumption as they are consumed as food in many regions due to their high nutritional value and various biomedical functions. Figure 1 depicts the life cycle of the silkworm [1,2].

蚕是一种翅目昆虫周。蚕的一生经历了七轮左右，每天一次约当蚕卵出现时，它们会新出现的黑色和蚕丝。经过五次喂食、喂食和喂食壳后，蚕变成了成熟的蚕丝，停止喂食，吐出的丝，准备结茧。这个过程需要24-28天。经过4天的结茧，成熟的蚕变成了天蚕丝。大约2周蚕蛹在3-5岁时，多次产后并死。。图1 画了蚕的生命周期[图1 , 2 ]。

图Figure 1. 蚕的生命周期。

The life cycle of the silkworm.

Silkworm pupae are one of the main by-products of the silk industry and are mostly used as animal feed and fertiliser in South East Asia, for example in Japan, Korea, and India [3–5]. Silkworm pupae are also used as food insects, especially in China, where they have been eaten for over 2000 years [6]. There are many species of silkworm pupae; at present, the main commercial silkworm pupae used for research are Bombyx mori, Antheraea pernyi, Antheraea yamamai, Samia ricini, Antheraea mylitta, Antheraea roylei, and other species [4,7,8]. Additionally, the material composition and functional roles of these species are different. The biggest difference between the different species of silkworm pupae is the source of the silkworm’s diet and the degree of domestication. For example, the mulberry silkworm, which eats mulberry leaves, is the silkworm that has been fully domesticated and is the most widely farmed [4]. Rich in proteins, oils, chitosan, vitamins, polyphenols, and other nutrients, silkworm pupae have long been used as an important source of high-quality proteins and lipids [9]. Silkworm pupae protein contains 18 amino acids and is rich enough in essential amino acids to meet the amino acid requirements of humans and is beneficial to human health [10,11]. Silkworm pupae oil contains a large number of unsaturated amino acids, especially Omega-3 fatty acids [12].

Silkworm pupae have long been used in a single way for direct consumption, for example as feed [5]. Gradually, the pupae have been further processed to extract nutrients and active ingredients and are used in food modification and pharmaceutical development [13]. Some researchers have used silkworm pupa powder as a protein enhancer in functional foods, and the addition of silkworm pupa powder enhances the flavour and taste of functional foods [13–15]. Examples are bread, yogurt, and food additives [7,13,16]. In addition, silkworm pupae can also be used in industry [17]. However, silkworm pupae are still not accepted by everyone because of the presence of allergens and unfriendly odours. We need to consider the safety and acceptability of silkworm pupae more thoroughly when using them [18]. In recent years, numerous studies have found that the active ingredients in silkworm pupae have various pharmacological functions, such as: anticancer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antibacterial, antiapoptotic, and immunomodulatory functions. This provides a broader prospect for the application of silkworm pupae. In the future, silkworm pupae will rapidly be developed for the health food and biomedical industries to meet the human demand for nutritious food and safe medicine [19,20].

蚕蛹是丝特别工业的主要一种，在东南亚主要制造动物产品和饲料和肥料，例如日本、韩国和印度它们 [ 3 , 4 , 5 ]。食用2000多年[ 6 ]。蚕蛹的种类很多；目前，用于研究的主要蚕丝蚕有家蚕、蚕柞蚕、山麦柞蚕、柞柞柞蚕、山麦柞蚕、柞柞柞蚕、桃花柞蚕、黄花柞花等[ 4 , 7 , 8 ]。此外，这些蚕的来源和品种，是不同种类的不同物质组成的。4蚕豆丰富的营养物质、外壳来源、] [ 9 ] 连续使用优质蛋白质和含维生素的食物等[9] 18种蚕，含有丰富的营养物质、油脂。短期内，可以满足人体对需求的需求，适用于人体[ 1010 12 ]。

This article reviews information on silkworm pupae as food and a medical ingredient. It covers data from biochemistry, nutrition, biomedicine, and pharmacology. The text discusses the composition and functional mechanisms of action of silkworm pupae and analyses safety issues and application prospects for their use, with the aim of revealing the link between silkworm pupae and health and providing a reference for their pharmacological application.

[开发研究1，作为蚕豆奶粉单一的直接食用方式，例如[ ]。 5.广泛地，蚕豆被进一步加工以生产营养和活性成分，并用于食品饲料和物质方式3 ]。在性食品中使用面粉蚕豆粉作为增强性食品的增强功能和蚕粉的添加功能，蚕丝的增强功能， [ 13,14,15 ]。例如、酸奶和食品添加剂 [ 7 , 13 , 16 ]。另外[ 17 ]然而，蚕蛹在整个工业中都存在着不安全和不友好的特性，仍然没有满足我们的需求。研究发现，蚕蛹中的活性具有多种药理功能，如：抗癌、抗氧化、抗菌、抗氧化、免疫调节等功能。这为保护婴儿的应用提供了更多蚕丝的成分。未来蚕蛹将迅速发展为食品生物医药产业，为保健品和保健品和食品的安全需求[ 19 20 ]。

2. Components of Silkworm Pupae

2. 蚕蛹的成分

Silkworm pupae are rich in many nutrients. Protein, fat, and sugar are the most abundant substances, as well as minerals, vitamins, polyphenolic compounds, and many other nutrients [21,22]. Here, we have discussed and summarised them separately.

蛋白质、脂肪和是最丰富的物质，还有糖成分、维生素、多酚和许多其他营养物质[ 21、22 ]。

2.1. Silkworm Pupae Protein

2.1。蚕蛹

Bombyx mori has a high protein content of 55.6% dry weight and is the most abundant dry matter in silkworm pupae [9].Biologically active peptides are peptides containing from several to several dozen amino acids, which have a variety of physiological functions [23]. These pupae proteins can be hydrolysed to produce a variety of biologically active peptides, which in turn can perform the pharmacological functions of silkworm pupae. The amino acid composition of the proteins is essentially the same in the different species of silkworm pupae, all consisting of 18 amino acids (except for Eri silkworm pupae). Of these, eight essential amino acids meet the requirements of the WHO/FAO/UNU recommendations. In addition, there are 10 non-essential amino acids that meet human requirements. Compared to hen eggs, pupae are higher in Phe and Pro [24]. Therefore, silkworm pupae are considered to be a high-quality source of protein and an important nutrient in silkworm pupae [25]. Table 1 summarises the amino acid composition of the different varieties of silkworm pupae proteins.

Bombyx 的蛋白质含量高达 5.6%，是蚕蛹中最丰富的干肽[ 9 ] 。八种蜂蜜可以产生各种活性剂，由各种不同的蚕蛹的多肽成分组成。多种蛋白质的成分在各种蚕丝中基本相同，其中，每种蚕丝可以产生多种活性成分。符合粮农组织/联合国大学提出的要求。除此之外，还有10种满足世界卫生组织/世界卫生组织的要求。与认为，Phe和Pro的含量增加了[ 24 ]。因此，蚕是优质的的蛋白质来源和蚕蛹的重要营养成分[ 25 ]

Table 1

总结了不同的蚕蛹蛋白质的组成。

. Amino acid composition of different varieties of silkworm pupae proteins .

（加蛋白质 /100克）	家蚕	埃里蚕蛹	桑蚕蛹	柞蚕	鸡蛋

66.2

不同品种蚕丝油的表组成[ 9 , 12 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]。

那个（特殊的）	化学结构	家蚕	埃里蚕蛹	桑蚕蛹	柞蚕	葵花籽油
天冬雨	9.1	9.89	10.9	6.41	8.92
苏独特
肉豆蔻酸 (C14:0)		0.1	不适用	0.18	不适用	不适用	3.9	4.75	5.4	4.64	4.47
塞尔
酸酸 (C16:0)	3.7	5.25	4.7	4.64	6.72
	谷独特	9.5	12.9	14.9	12.74	12.13
24.2	26.98	23.18	17.25	甘独特	3.6	4.94	4.6	4.42	3.02
翼	3.9	6.05	5.5	6.26	5.03
半波长	1.4	0.53	1.4	1.5	1.90
不适用	瓦尔	4.7	5.36	5.6	6.63	5.42
遇见	3.4	2.31	4.6	1.47	2.81
伊莱	3.4	4.42	5.7	7.95	4.88
亮眼	6.2	6.63	8.3	3.24	8.11
妥妥的	5.6	6.4	5.4	2.06	3.81
丙丙特性	4.6	5.24	5.1	8.10	4.82
赖姿	6.1	6.54	7.5	4.54	6.59
他的	2.7	2.67	2.5	2.94	2.09
晶莹剔透	4.7	4.41	6.8	4.12	5.70
临	7.0	6.46	4.0	12.22	3.38
颜色区别	1.5	不适用	0.9	4.05	1.72

Amino Acid

(g/100 g of Protein)

冠状病毒343333中发挥作用。

Minerals have an important role in living organisms. They are present in many forms in silkworm pupae. There are up to 25 different types of minerals in silkworm pupae, and these minerals may perform certain physiological functions in the organism [7,12]. Table 3 lists the content of eight minerals in the three types of pupae, from which it can be seen that phosphorus, calcium, and magnesium are higher in the pupae. The type and content of minerals in pupae can vary depending on the type of pupa and the environment in which they have grown [24]. It is worth noting that the sodium-to-potassium (Na: K) ratio in silkworm pupae is very low, except for the minerals listed in the table. predicts the occurrence of non-communicable diseases, suggesting that consumption of silkworm pupae may reduce the likelihood of non-communicable diseases [29,30]. Non-communicable diseases include stroke, hypertension, cardiovascular disease, etc. [31,32]. Some pupae are also rich in selenium, which can be enriched in the pupae protein. Selenium-rich pupae play an important role in cancer prevention and defence against oxidative stress [33,34].

表Table 3. 不同种类蚕蛹的组成，[ 21 22 , 24 , 35 ]。

0克（重/10）	家蚕	埃里蚕蛹	柞蚕
磷	474	584	272	5.6
铁	26	24	4	醋栗油 (C16:1)		1.7	1.82	1.07	1.14	不适用
钙	158	74.2	63	硬脂酸 (C18:0)		4.5	4.73	4.69	2.23	2.2
锌	23	7.24	3.57	油酸 (C18:1)		26.0	15.89	28.32	29.15	25.1
亚油酸 (C18:2)		7.3	5.49	3.88	7.14	66.2
α-酸 (C18:3)		36.3	44.73	38.25	40.28	特殊情况	—	28.8	31.71	28.05	19.48	7.8
单不适用	—	27.7	17.71	29.39	30.29	25.1
多不喜欢	—	43.6	50.22	42.13	47.42	66.2

*Bombyx mori*		*Eri* S	Mulberry Silkworm Pupae	*Antheraea pernyi*	Hen Egg
Asp	9.1	9.89	10.9	6.41

NA：数据不可用。

Values are expressed as a percentage of fatty acids. NA: data not available.

2.3. 反而

2.3. Minerals

25种重要的生物体中表现出不同的生理功能。 3个表中共有8种品种的含量、种类、种类、钙质，含有中等长度的钙长品种。 [ 24种不同的蚕丝中] [ 29，30 ] 。。。发生率疾病传染性疾病中风，高血压血压，心血管心血管疾病[ 31、32 ]。作用，重要作用在预防和预防

铜
0.15
1.75	0.73
镁	207	178	154
锰	0.71	2.54	不适用
铭	1.69	不适用	9.84

8.92

Thr	3.9	4.75	5.4	4.64	4.47
Ser	3.7	5.25	4.7	4.64	6.72
Glu	9.5	12.9	14.9	12.74	12.13
Gly	3.6	4.94	4.6	4.42	3.02
Ala	3.9	6.05	5.5	6.26	5.03
Cys	1.4	0.53	1.4	1.5	1.90
Val	4.7	5.36	5.6	6.63	5.42
Met	3.4	2.31	4.6	1.47	2.81
Ile	3.4	4.42	5.7	7.95	4.88
Leu	6.2	6.63	8.3	3.24	8.11
Tyr	5.6	6.4	5.4	2.06	3.81
Phe	4.6	5.24	5.1	8.10	4.82
Lys	6.1	6.54	7.5	4.54	6.59
His	2.7	2.67	2.5	2.94	2.09
Arg	4.7	4.41	6.8	4.12	5.70
Pro	7.0	6.46	4.0	12.22	3.38
Trp	1.5	NA	0.9	4.05	1.72

Values are expressed as g/100 g of protein.

表中蚕蛹的不同品种组成1、2、2、2 ]。

数值表示为 g/100 g。NA：数据不可用。

2.2. Silkworm Pupae Oil

2.2. 蚕蛹油

In silkworm pupae, the oil content is second only to protein. Of the four different species of silkworm pupae, silkworm pupae has the highest oil content, at 26.2% [22]. We summarise the fatty acid composition of the different varieties of silkworm pupae oil in Table 2. As can be seen from the table, all the different silkworm pupae oils contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, with 77.71% in Antheraea pernyi. In addition to the fatty acids listed in the table, silkworm pupae also contain eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, which are Omega-3 fatty acids and have an important role in promoting human health [26]. Oil is an important nutrient, and silkworm pupae are not only rich in oils but also contain high levels of unsaturated fatty acids, especially polyunsaturated fatty acids, which have significant nutritional value as a source of edible oil [12].

在蚕丝中，油脂接触蛋白。在四种不同的食用量中，埃里蚕丝的含含量最高，为26.2%[ 22 ]。表了我们从不同的蚕油 中蚕丝组合见表Table 2。中可以不同，所有不同的蚕豆油都含有高高的内里的，柞7不合适的不超过7.7 %。除了表中和外用的两种，蚕丝还含有二十五分之二它们是一种物质，是蚕丝的重要的油脂，含有丰富的油脂，而且特别是不营养，尤其是多种来源的商品，作为食用油的来源具有重要的营养价值[ 12 ]。

. Fatty acid composition of different varieties of silkworm pupae oil .

Fatty Acids (Percentage of Fatty Acids)	Chemical Structure	*Bombyx mori*	*Eri* Silkworm Pupae	Mulberry Silkworm Pupae	*Antheraea pernyi*	Sunflower oil
Myristic acid (C14:0)		0.1	NA	0.18	NA	NA
Palmitic acid (C16:0)		24.2	26.98	23.18	17.25	5.6
Palmitoleic acid (C16:1)		1.7	1.82	1.07	1.14	NA
Stearic acid (C18:0)		4.5	4.73	4.69	2.23	2.2
Oleic acid (C18:1)		26.0	15.89	28.32	29.15	25.1
Linoleic acid (C18:2)		7.3	5.49	3.88	7.14	66.2
α-Linolenic acid (C18:3)		36.3	44.73	38.25	40.28	NA
Saturated fatty acids	—	28.8	31.71	28.05	19.48	7.8
Monounsaturated fatty acids	—	27.7	17.71	29.39	30.29	25.1
Polyunsaturated fatty acids	—	43.6	50.22	42.13	47.42

数值表示为 mg/100 g 干重。NA：数据不可用。

Mineral composition of different species of silkworm pupae

Minerals (mg/100 g Dry Weight)	*Bombyx mori*	*Eri* Silkworm Pupae	*Antheraea pernyi*
Phosphorus	474	584	272
Iron	26	24	4
Calcium	158	74.2	63
Zinc	23	7.24	3.57
Copper	0.15	1.75	0.73
Magnesium	207	178	154
Manganese	0.71	2.54	NA
Chromium	1.69	NA	9.84

2.4. 蚕蛹的其他成分

Values are expressed as mg/100 g dry weight. data not available.

蚕蛹以上成分外，还含有多种维生素，含量丰富。例如，VA可以达到5 mg/g。蚕中除VB1的主要维生素有VA、VB2、VB2、VB5、VB7、VB9、VB12、VC、VE [ 19、36 ]。和五种生育生育也存在于蚕中。28.蚕豆中的另一类 10 和 7 种酚类也发现多种黄酮类。 mg/g 和 20 mg/g [ 35 ]。在泰国本土桑蚕蛹中，多酚主要含有表儿茶素、(-)--芦丁、槲皮素、杨梅素、反式藜芦醇、木犀草、皮素活性和山柰苯分离[ 38 ]。蚕豆中的糖分为壳和素甲壳柚素类的多糖，它们都具有生物生物39蚕豆中壳活性和甲壳细胞无毒性，但，40，外壳的外观，43 是具有手机外壳的[ 42，，43 ]。这些物质都具有一定的生物功能。，是蚕豆药理功能的基础。

2.4. Other Ingredients in Silkworm Pupae

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In addition to the above ingredients, silkworm pupae contain many vitamins and are rich in them. For example, VA can reach 5 mg/g. The main vitamins in silkworm pupae include VA, VB1, VB2, VB3, VB5, VB7, VB9, VB12, VC, and VE [19,36]. Phospholipids and five tocopherols are also present in silkworm pupae. The five tocopherols are 𝛼-Tocopherol, 𝛽-tocopherol, 𝛾-tocopherol, 𝛾-tocotrienol, and 𝜎-tocopherol [28]. Rare dimethyladenosine derivatives are also found in silkworm pupae [37]. Additionally, silkworm pupae contain polyphenols and flavonoids. Polyphenols and flavonoids were found in the pupae of the silkworm Antheraea assamensis at concentrations of 10 mg/g and 20 mg/g, respectively [35]. In native Thai mulberry silkworm pupae, the polyphenols mainly contain (+)-catechin, (−)-epicatechin, rutin, quercetin, myricetin, trans-resveratrol, luteolin, naringenin, and kaempferol [38]. The sugars in silkworm pupae can be divided into two main groups, chitosan and chitin, as well as isolated and purified polysaccharides, all of which are biologically active [39–41]. Chitosan and chitin from silkworm pupae are not cytotoxic, but have strong physiological activity, especially carboxymethyl chitosan [42,43]. All these substances had certain biofunctional activities, which contribute to the basis of the pharmacological functions of silkworm pupae.

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