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Please note this is a comparison between Version 1 by Sirong Chen and Version 2 by Sirong Chen.
The influence of mobile technology on tourism is very significant. With the support of mobile-related devices (smartphones, glasses, or other wearable devices), technology, data and services, multiple travel concepts, and travel modes including mobile tourism, smart tourism, e-tourism, and sustainable tourism have emerged or developed further. Mobile technology is touted as the next technology wave that can fundamentally change tourism and hotels. Moreover, mobile technology is playing an increasing role in the travel experience, and increasing travel research is concentrated in this field.移动技术对旅游业的影响非常重大。在与移动相关的设备（智能手机，眼镜或其他可穿戴设备）的支持下，技术，数据和服务，多种旅行概念以及包括移动旅游，智能旅游，电子旅游和可持续旅游在内的旅游模式已经出现或发展。进一步。吹捧移动技术是可以从根本上改变旅游业和酒店业的下一波技术浪潮。此外，移动技术在旅行体验中起着越来越重要的作用，并且越来越多的旅行研究集中在这一领域。
Research findings show that, first, the research of mobile technology in tourism can be divided into three phases and to a certain extent is synchronized with the development of mobile technology. Second, in the area of social sciences, the research of mobile technology in tourism needs further exploration, which must refer to related research in the areas of Transportation and IT to expand the perspective of research. Top journal analysis, journal co-citation analysis, author co-citation analysis, and collaboration network analysis reveal the most representative journals, authors, institutions, and countries/regions in this research field. This finding provides a valuable reference for scholars in this field. Additionally, this research also grasped the hot and cutting-edge topics in this field through the analysis of keywords in this field. Finally, the clustering of co-citation references presents the knowledge base of mobile technology research in the tourism field: mobile technology, travel mode, mobile instrument, travel behavior research, mobile applications, and geo-based technology.
- mobile technology
- tourism
- hospitality
- bibliometric analysis
- CiteSpace
- 移动技术
- 旅游
- 款待
- 文献计量分析
1. Introductio1.简介n
With the increasing popularity of fifth-generation mobile communication technology (5G), mobile technology will further change people’s lifestyles and the operation mode of many industries. Among them, the influence of mobile technology on tourism is very significant [1]. With the support of mobile-related devices (smartphones, glasses, or other wearable devices), technology, data and services, multiple travel concepts, and travel modes including mobile tourism [2], smart tourism [3], e-tourism [4], and sustainable tourism [5] have emerged or developed further. Mobile technology is touted as the next technology wave that can fundamentally change tourism and hotels [6]. Moreover, mobile technology is playing an increasing role in the travel experience, and increasing travel research is concentrated in this field [7]. Among them, review research can lay the foundation for academic inquiry in this field by summarizing previous work, testing hypotheses, expanding theories, and evaluating critically [8]. These studies can help readers quickly understand the research structure, the latest developments, and the marginal gaps in existing research in the field of mobile technology [9,10]. Law et al. [11] collected and analyzed 92 mobile technology-related articles published in tourism and hospitality journals from the perspective of suppliers and consumers, based on multiple research backgrounds and theoretical use. The dimension is extensively examined in this field. Wang et al. [12] reviewed the application, promotion, and challenges of mobile phone data in travel behavior research to promote the adoption of mobile phone data in travel behavior research. Ukpabi and Karjaluoto [4] reviewed 71 articles published during 2005–2016 on consumer acceptance or adoption of e-travel and completed the following tasks: determined the precursors that affect the acceptance and use of consumer e-tourism; provided a classification framework for consumers to adopt e-tourism; determined the relevant research theories, models, and frameworks; determined the behavioral dynamics of consumers adopting information and communications technology in tourism. Dorcic, Komsic, and Markovic [3] conducted a comprehensive systematic literature review of 126 articles related to mobile technology and applications in smart tourism published from 2012 to June 2017, respectively, from the perspectives of consumers, technology, and suppliers. The study conducted a descriptive statistical analysis of the source of the literature, publication year, research area, and research method. Simultaneously, a keyword cluster analysis was performed using VOSviewer software. Liang, Schuckert, Law, and Masiero [2] analyzed 92 mobile tourism-related articles published from 2002 to 2015 through the paradigm funnel method and classified the articles into different funnels. This study helps researchers and practitioners understand the research trends of empirical and conceptual research. Kim and Kim [5] used a different software to analyze various data, such as patents, articles, news, and mobile travel application reviews, and the definition and role of mobile technology in tourism. Moreover, the relationship between mobile technology and smart tourism and its future development direction are discussed in the study随着第五代移动通信技术（5G）的日益普及，移动技术将进一步改变人们的生活方式和许多行业的运营模式。其中，移动技术对旅游业的影响非常显着[ 1 ]。在与移动相关的设备（智能手机，眼镜或其他可穿戴设备）的支持下，技术，数据和服务，多种旅行概念以及包括移动旅游[ 2 ]，智能旅游[ 3 ]，电子旅游[ 4 ] 在内的旅游模式]，可持续旅游业[ 5 ]已经出现或进一步发展。吹捧移动技术是可以从根本上改变旅游业和酒店业的下一波技术浪潮[ 6]。此外，移动技术在旅行体验中起着越来越重要的作用，并且越来越多的旅行研究集中在这个领域[ 7 ]。其中，综述研究可以通过总结以往的工作，检验假设，扩展理论以及进行批判性评估来为该领域的学术探究奠定基础[ 8 ]。这些研究可以帮助读者快速了解研究结构的最新发展，并在移动技术[领域现有研究的边际缺口9，10 ]。Law等。[ 11]基于多种研究背景和理论应用，从供应商和消费者的角度收集并分析了旅游和酒店业期刊上发表的92篇与移动技术相关的文章。在此领域中，对尺寸进行了广泛的检查。Wang等。[ 12 ]回顾了手机数据在旅行行为研究中的应用，推广和挑战，以促进手机数据在旅行行为研究中的采用。Ukpabi和Karjaluoto [ 4]审查了2005-2016年间发表的有关消费者接受或使用e-travel的71篇文章，并完成了以下任务：确定影响消费者对e-tourism的接受和使用的先驱；为消费者采用电子旅游提供了分类框架；确定相关的研究理论，模型和框架；确定了在旅游业中采用信息和通信技术的消费者的行为动态。Dorcic，Komsic和Markovic [ 3]从消费者，技术和供应商的角度对2012年至2017年6月分别发表的126篇与智能旅游中的移动技术和应用相关的文章进行了全面的系统文献综述。该研究对文献来源，出版年份，研究领域和研究方法进行了描述性统计分析。同时，使用VOSviewer软件执行了关键字聚类分析。Liang，Schuckert，Law和Masiero [ 2 ]通过范式漏斗法分析了2002年至2015年发表的92篇与移动旅游相关的文章，并将这些文章分为不同的漏斗。这项研究有助于研究人员和从业人员了解实证和概念研究的研究趋势。金和金[ 5]使用不同的软件来分析各种数据，例如专利，文章，新闻和移动旅行申请评论，以及移动技术在旅游业中的定义和作用。此外，本研究还讨论了移动技术与智能旅游之间的关系及其未来的发展方向。.
The above review papers have made important contributions to the research field of mobile technology in tourism. The predecessors either comprehensively reviewed the application of mobile technology in tourism or discussed a certain angle involved in mobile technology. Most of them used content analysis and descriptive statistics, focusing on the investigation of the relationship among the authors, research topics, and research data. However, these reviews lack thorough research of network work and thus may lack accuracy and objectivity in mapping the scope and structure of the research field, determining the most authoritative papers, and discovering key parts of the research [13]. Meanwhile, mobile technology is changing rapidly, and related academic research has also substantially increased in the past two years. This event has not only increased the difficulty of tracking related documents in the field [14] but also required a comprehensive review of related articles (specifically the latest articles) in the field. The present research adopts a bibliometric analysis method to review the related research of mobile technology in tourism to solve the above problems. Bibliometric analysis is a method of examining literature materials from a quantitative perspective. This analysis can dissect and classify rich data and information according to different variables, such as journals, institutions, and countries [15]. Moreover, the credibility of research is known to be usually directly related to the method used [16]. The bibliometric analysis introduces objectivity into the evaluation of the literature. Furthermore, it greatly increases the rigor of the scientific literature, avoids or reduces the bias of researchers on literature review [14], and also increases the credibility of the research by summarizing the research of many scholars in the research field. This analysis method can analyze the research of mobile technology in tourism from a highly comprehensive and objective perspective. Bibliometric analysis can provide a quantitative perspective for the field, supplement previous studies, and point out potential future research directions [17]. What is more, as far as the researchers know, in the current research in tourism and mobile technology, almost no scholars used bibliometric analysis to conduct a comprehensive review of the literature from multiple angles. This study applies the well-established research method to a new research field, namely the application of bibliometric analysis to mobile technology in tourism, and provides a valuable reference for the exploration of bibliometric and visualized analysis in related fields以上综述论文为旅游移动技术的研究领域做出了重要贡献。前者要么全面回顾了移动技术在旅游业中的应用，要么讨论了移动技术所涉及的某个角度。他们中的大多数使用内容分析和描述性统计，重点研究作者，研究主题和研究数据之间的关系。但是，这些评论缺乏对网络工作的透彻研究，因此在绘制研究领域的范围和结构，确定最权威的论文以及发现研究的关键部分时可能缺乏准确性和客观性[ 13]。同时，移动技术日新月异，过去两年相关的学术研究也大大增加。该事件不仅增加了在该领域中跟踪相关文档的难度[ 14 ]，而且还需要对该领域中相关文章（特别是最新文章）进行全面审查。为了解决上述问题，本研究采用文献计量学的方法对旅游移动技术的相关研究进行了综述。文献计量分析是从定量的角度检查文献资料的一种方法。这种分析可以根据不同的变量（例如期刊，机构和国家）对丰富的数据和信息进行分解和分类[ 15]。而且，研究的可信度通常与所使用的方法直接相关[ 16 ]。文献计量分析将客观性引入文献评估中。此外，它极大地提高了科学文献的严谨性，避免或减少了研究者对文献综述的偏见[ 14 ]，并且通过总结研究领域的许多学者的研究，也增加了研究的可信度。这种分析方法可以从高度全面和客观的角度分析旅游业中的移动技术研究。文献计量分析可以为该领域提供定量的观点，补充以前的研究，并指出未来的潜在研究方向[ 17 ]。而且，据研究人员所知，在当前的旅游和移动技术研究中，几乎没有学者使用文献计量分析从多个角度对文献进行全面的审查。本研究将已有的研究方法应用于新的研究领域，即文献计量分析在旅游业移动技术中的应用，为探索相关领域的文献计量和可视化分析提供了出色的参考。.
2. Tourism and Mobile Technolog2.旅游与移动技术y
Mobile technology has become a necessity for tourists [11]. People are assisted by various mobile devices and can travel more freely and conveniently than ever before through mobile technology [18]. Linton et al. [19] pointed out that during travel, maps or navigation apps are the most common activities that people use on their mobile devices. Moreover, people check the weather, find restaurants, look for things to do, participate in social media (particularly sharing photos), read restaurant recommendations, find local stores, research hotel services, and conduct booking, which are roughly the basic activities in regular travel. In addition, Szark-Eckardt [20] believed that travel-related mobile applications generate added value through the synergy and mutual influence of a healthy lifestyle, travel passion, and modern technology. Such an added value is one of the factors that increase the attractiveness and usability of tourism. For example, with the introduction of location-based sensing functions (e.g., Global Positioning System) on mobile devices, related applications can provide tourists with customized services that meet their needs based on their current location [1]. As a result, tourists can obtain a richer, more beneficial, and immersive experience than before. Therefore, the new development of mobile technology enables the recommendation system to combine the user’s personal situation and preferences, using numerous opportunities to provide highly accurate and effective travel recommendations [21]. Mobile connections also adopt new methods to connect with social networks, gradually integrating online and offline, and tourists can interact with the Internet across space and time [22]. This connection improves their chances of sharing in the user community of social networks [23] while extending travel to virtual spaces. The virtual reality and augmented reality (AR) devices that have been widely used in travel in recent years are mostly based on mobile technology [24]. In conclusion, mobile technology has improved people’s travel experience and provided them with many new reasons to travel: it makes them highly informed; it is capable of using additional types of physical spaces and designing or modifying plans in real-time; it allocates travel time and resources efficiently [25]. To a certain extent, the initiative and sense of control brought by mobile technology might make tourists worry that the travel experience will be weakened, thereby causing them to avoid or reduce the use of a mobile device. However, in today’s period of the rapid adoption of new technologies and social transformation, the application of mobile technology will only become increasingly common [7,26]. Furthermore, if people have accepted the current communication model through the use of social networking technology, then their enthusiasm for extensive information sharing is likely to continue as mobile applications and devices continue to develop [27]移动技术已经成为游客的必需品[ 11 ]。人们得到了各种移动设备的帮助，并且可以通过移动技术比以往任何时候更加自由，便捷地旅行[ 18 ]。林顿等。[ 19 ]指出，在旅行期间，人们检查天气，查找餐厅，寻找要做的事情，参加社交媒体（尤其是分享照片），阅读餐厅推荐，查找当地，Szark-Eckardt [ 20 ]认为，与旅行相关的移动应用程序通过健康的生活方式，旅行热情和现代技术的协同作用和，相互影响而产生附加值。这样的附加值是增加旅游业吸引力和替代的因素之一。例如，在移动设备上张贴基于位置的感知功能（例如，全球定位系统），相关应用可以根据其当前位置为游客提供满足其需求的定制服务[ 1 ]。结果，游客获得比以前更丰富，更有益和身临其境的体验。因此，移动技术的新发展使推荐系统能够利用众多机会提供高度准确和有效的旅行推荐，从而结合用户的个人情况和喜好[ 21 ]。移动连接还采用了与社交网络连接的新方法，逐渐将在线和离线集成在一起，游客可以跨时空与互联网互动[ 22 ]。这种联系增加了他们在社交网络的用户社区中共享的机会[ 23 ]，同时将旅行扩展到虚拟空间。串行，在旅行中广泛使用的虚拟现实和增强现实（AR）设备主要基于移动技术[ 24 ]。总之，移动技术改善了人们的出行体验，并为人们提供了许多新的出行理由。它能够使用其他类型的物理空间并实时设计或修改计划；其有效地分配了旅行时间和资源[ 25 ]。在一定程度上，移动技术带来的主动性和控制感可能使游客担心旅行体验会遭到切割，从而导致他们避免或减少使用移动设备。然而，在今天的迅速采用新的技术和社会转型的时期，移动技术的应用只会变得越来越普遍[ 7，26 ]。此外，如果人们已经通过使用社交网络技术接受了当前的通信模型，那么随着移动应用程序和设备的不断发展，他们对广泛信息共享的热情很可能会继续[ 27 ]。.
Mobile technology is increasingly being adopted by travel suppliers, their practitioners, and related government departments. In terms of tourism suppliers and their practitioners, first, tourism is a special stage of technology use, and mobility-oriented services are becoming increasingly important [28]. Second, mobile technology provides unprecedented opportunities and challenges for companies to successfully attract consumers’ attention and convey market information to target audiences [29,30]. Therefore, understanding mobile applications as an emerging marketing platform is crucial for travel suppliers and their practitioners. From a marketing perspective, the biggest advantage of mobile communications and commerce is that it provides suppliers with a channel for direct communication with consumers via mobile devices at any time and place [31]. From this, such technology reduces the supplier’s product promotion expenses and information transmission costs and also improves its service quality and competitiveness [32]. Therefore, mobile technology has not only become an important marketing tool for tourism and hotel suppliers but can also increase shareholder returns to a certain extent [33]. In tourism-related government departments, mobile technology can help them in their overall planning and management. For example, the transportation department can use a range of mobile technologies, including advertising travel routes, online travel planning applications, and travel training applications to solve or alleviate the traffic burden caused by the increase in the number of tourists [34]. Scenic area management departments can also play the role of network and mobile technology and use social media to promote the personal and emotional connection between tourists and nature and promote their environmental awareness and behavior [35]旅行供应商，其从业人员以及相关政府部门越来越多地采用移动技术。对于旅游业供应商及其从业人员而言，首先，旅游业是技术使用的特殊阶段，面向移动的服务变得越来越重要[ 28 ]。其次，移动技术为公司成功地吸引消费者的注意力，并传达市场信息，目标受众[前所未有的机遇和挑战，29，30 ]。因此，将移动应用程序理解为新兴的营销平台对于旅行供应商及其从业者至关重要。从市场营销的角度来看，移动通信和商务的最大优势在于，它为供应商提供了随时随地通过移动设备与消费者进行直接通信的渠道[ 31 ]。速度，这种技术减少了供应商的产品推广费用和信息传输成本，还提高了其服务质量和竞争力[ 32 ]。因此，移动技术完全已经成为旅游和酒店供应商的重要营销工具，而且可以可以在一定程度上增加股东的回报[[ 33]。 ]。在与旅游相关的政府部门中，移动技术可以帮助他们进行总体规划和管理。例如，运输部门可以使用多种移动技术，包括广告旅行计划，在线旅行计划应用程序和旅行培训应用程序，以解决或减少由游客数量增加引起的交通负担[ 34 ]。风景名胜区管理部门还可以扮演网络和移动技术的角色，并使用社交媒体促进游客与自然之间的个人和情感联系，并提高他们的环境意识和行为[ 35 ]。.
3. Methodolog3.方法论y
Web of Science can link publications and researchers with interdisciplinary databases through citation and control indexes and provide more complete citations, indexes, and researcher relationships than other databases [36]. It has become the gold standard for research discovery and analysis [36]. Simultaneously, the Web of Science Core Collection includes a wide range of publications from Science Citation Index Expanded, Social Sciences Citation Index, Arts & Humanities Citation Index, Conference Proceedings Citation Index: Science, Conference Proceedings Citation Index: Social Science & Humanities, Emerging Sources Citation Index, Current Chemical Reactions and Index Chemicus, which cover more scientific and authoritative literature than other databases. Therefore, the present study was based on the literature related to hotel/tourism and mobile communication in the Web of Science Core Collection and compiled a data set for bibliometric analysis. First, to comprehensively review the literature related to the research field, the researchers used the combination of “tourism” or “travel” or “hospitality” or “hotel” or “tourist” and “mobile technology” or “mobile service” or “mobile communication” or “mobile device” or ”mobile application” or “smartphone” or “apps” or “mobile data” or “mobile database” or “mobile internet” or “mobile web” or “mobile computing” as keywords to conduct topic studies [2,11], while only retaining the journal paper, having a total of 1234 papers. Second, the researchers eliminated articles that were not relevant to the research field by carefully examining the titles, keywords, and abstracts of 1234 papers. Finally, the retained documents were de-duplicated, and duplicate documents were merged. The final data set was composed of 803 papers, including 773 articles, 29 reviews, and 1 letterWeb of Science可以通过引用和控制索引将出版物和研究人员与跨学科数据库联系起来，并提供比其他数据库更完整的引用，索引和研究者关系[ 36 ]。它已成为研究发现和分析的金标准[ 36]。同时，《 Web of Science核心收藏》包括广泛的出版物，包括扩展的《科学引文索引》，《社会科学引文索引》，《艺术与人文引文索引》，《会议论文集》引文索引：《科学》，《会议论文集》引文索引：《社会科学与人文》，新兴来源引文索引，当前化学反应和化学索引，与其他数据库相比，它们涵盖的科学性和权威性更高。因此，本研究基于Web of Science Core Collection中与酒店/旅游业和移动通信相关的文献，并编制了用于文献计量分析的数据集。首先，要全面回顾与研究领域相关的文献，2，11 ]，而只保留轴颈纸，具有总共1234页的论文。其次，研究人员通过仔细检查1234篇论文的标题，关键词和摘要，淘汰了与研究领域无关的文章。最后，对保留的文档进行重复数据删除，然后将重复的文档合并。最终数据集由803篇论文组成，包括773篇文章，29条评论和1封信。.
CiteSpace (version 5.7.R1) software was used to conduct a bibliometric analysis of research related to mobile technology in tourism. CiteSpace was chosen as the analysis tool because it can analyze and visually present the potential knowledge, knowledge structure, knowledge rules, and distribution of specific research topics in the literature. Therefore, the software has become one of the most popular bibliometric analysis tools [37]. In this study, the parameters of CiteSpace were set as follows: time slicing was from 2000 to 2020, years per slice was one year, click pruning sliced networks, and keep the default values for text processing and links. In addition, in the cluster map, the Modularity Q value indicates the closeness of the relationship between clusters, and the Mean Silhouette value reveals the consistency or similarity of the cluster network. Modularity Q > 0.4 is acceptable; when Mean Silhouette is closer to 1, the homogeneity of the literature content in the cluster is higher [38]. Based on this, when the node types select a keyword, the selection criteria are selected as Top N%, set N = 13; when the node types select reference, cited author, and cited journal, the selection criteria are selected as g-index, set k = 14. Under other node types options, selection criteria are kept as default values使用CiteSpace（5.7.R1版）软件对与旅游中的移动技术相关的研究进行了文献计量分析。选择CiteSpace作为分析工具是因为它可以分析和直观地呈现潜在的知识，知识结构，知识规则以及文献中特定研究主题的分布。因此，该软件已成为最受欢迎的文献计量分析工具之一[ 37]。在这项研究中，CiteSpace的参数设置如下：时间切片为2000年至2020年，每切片年为一年，单击修剪切片网络，并保留文本处理和链接的默认值。另外，在群集图中，Modularity Q值表示群集之间关系的紧密程度，而Mean Silhouette值则显示群集网络的一致性或相似性。模块化Q> 0.4是可以接受的；当平均轮廓接近1时，簇中文献内容的同质性更高[ 38]。基于此，当节点类型选择关键字时，将选择标准选择为“前N％”，设置N = 13；当节点类型选择引用，引用的作者和引用的期刊时，选择标准将选择为g-index，设置k =14。在其他节点类型选项下，选择标准将保留为默认值。.
Specifically, this research conducted a visual bibliometric analysis from several levels of research trends, research areas, top journals, cooperation networks, the most popular research topics, and research foundations of mobile technology research in tourism具体而言，本研究从研究趋势，研究领域，顶级期刊，合作网络，最受欢迎的研究主题以及旅游移动技术研究的研究基础等多个层面进行了视觉文献计量分析。.
4. Findings and Discussion
4.1. Analysis of Research Trends and Research Areas
As shown in Figure 1, the research on mobile technology in tourism can be divided into three stages. The first stage is from 2000 to 2011. At this stage, scholars conducted very limited research in this field. The second stage is from 2012 to 2014. During these three years, the number of related studies increased, but the growth was still slow. The third stage is from 2015 to the present, and the number of related studies has shown a steady and rapid growth trend. After analysis, the research of mobile technology in tourism and the development of mobile technology are synchronized to a certain extent. The beginning of the fourth-generation mobile communication (4G) era is 2010. From this period, mobile technology has gradually been used more widely in various areas. Therefore, the adoption of mobile technology in tourism has increased, and the number of related studies has also increased. Now that people have ushered in the 5G era, the concept of the Internet of Everything will be further reflected in people’s daily life and work. Thus, research on mobile technology in tourism may continue to rise, and new research perspectives will emerge. Furthermore, iPhone appeared in 2007 and Android in 2008, with smartphones becoming popular as of 2011 [39]. That explains, to a large extent, the little literature in this research field before 2012. That is, the use of advanced mobile technologies in tourism was much more limited before a large part of tourists had a smartphone.
Analyzing the research area of the literature on mobile technology research in tourism, the research area of transportation accounts for the largest proportion, nearly a quarter. The number of studies in the area of social sciences only ranks second, with 22.79%. Moreover, the social sciences area published the first study on mobile technology in tourism in 2008 (Table 1). This result shows that in the area of social science research, the research on mobile technology in tourism is limited and requires further exploration. The tourism academic area should strengthen the research on mobile technology and appropriately combine the research related to the transportation area and the IT area to expand the research perspective.
4.2. Journals Analysis
The 803 papers reviewed were published in 361 journals. Table 2 shows the 10 journals that have contributed the most to the research field of mobile technology research in tourism. The top ten journals contain 21.05% of the papers in this research field. Although research on mobile technology in tourism is widely published in a variety of journals, related research is published in the top-ranked journals with a high degree of concentration. This finding provides a valuable reference for scholars in this research field to select target journals in the future.
4.3. Collaboration Network Analysis
A total of 2352 authors wrote 803 studies related to mobile technology in tourism. This study analyzed the top authors in the number of publications, and some high co-occurrence counts author collaboration networks. The top three authors with the largest number of publications are Wang, D., Law, R., and Zhao, F. Furthermore, although Xiang, Z.’s number of publications in this research field ranks fifth, his articles are highly cited, indicating that he has a relatively prominent contribution in this field. Notably, among the top 13 authors, Dickinson, J. E., Cherrett, T., Davies, N., Norgate, S., and Speed, C. have a very close cooperative relationship. They studied the application or role of smartphone apps in travel [23,40,41,42,43] and tourism social networks [22]. Wang, D. and Xiang, Z. also have a relatively stable cooperative relationship. They studied the application of smartphones in tourism or hotel environments [6,28,44] and also defined context concepts related to mobile technology environments for travelers [45]. This research field has formed a relatively extensive cooperative relationship, represented by the authors with the most publications.
In the reviewed literature, approximately 982 institutions have participated in the research of mobile technology in tourism. Hong Kong Polytechnic University has outstanding performance in many research areas including engineering, computer science, and materials science. Moreover, this university has achieved good results in the research of mobile technology in tourism. The institution has published the largest number of articles in this research field and has 12 years of Half Life, which shows that it has a long-term influence on this research field. The burst value indicates the emergency situation of the institution during the review period. Generally, the institution has published several studies in the research field or has had a greater influence on the research field in a period of time. Among the top 12 institutions in the number of publications, the University of Central Florida has a high burst value (3.64). Figure 2 presents the institution collaboration network in this research field. On the whole, although a relatively stable institution cooperation network exists, many organizations still only cooperate within their organizations or with people from a fixed organization. Among them, the institutions with the most publications often have extensive cooperation relationships with other institutions. For example, the important partners of Hong Kong Polytechnic University are Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Arizona State University, Zhejiang University, and Northeastern University. The University of California-Berkeley has established cooperation with eight organizations: the American University of Beirut, The Ohio State University, CIBER Epidemiology and Public Health, Melonic Technology Limited, Museo Galileo, INRIA Rennes Bretagne Atlantique, Heritage Malta, and Aalto University.
In the past two decades, a total of 48 countries/regions have conducted research on the field of mobile technology in tourism. The text labels in Table 3 show the top 17 countries in the number of publications. The larger the label font (the larger the node, the larger the label font), the more the number of publications, and vice versa. It can be seen that the United States of America, the People’s Republic of China (including Hong Kong and Macau), and England are the top three countries in the number of publications. These three countries also have a high centrality, which shows that they are important contributors to this field of research. In addition, South Korea has a burst value of 3.37, which means that the country has provided strong power in this field for a certain period of time. Figure 3 also shows a cross-cooperative relationship with many countries/regions. A connecting line between two nodes represents a cooperative relationship between the two countries. The thicker the connecting line, the closer the relationship between them, and vice versa. To a certain extent, this result explains that scholars from all over the world having established extensive and close cooperative relations may be because the research field is relatively mature.
4.4. Analysis of the Most Popular Research Topics
One can grasp the research hotspots and frontiers in this field by interpreting the visualized knowledge mapping of keywords in mobile technology research in tourism. Figure 4 describes the top 20 keywords of mobile technology research in tourism, which to a large extent represent research hotspots in this field. “Smartphone,” “mobile application,” and “user acceptance” are the three most frequent and meaningful words, representing the three most popular topics in this field. In addition, “model” indicates that in the research of mobile technology in tourism, researchers often combine theoretical models for related research. After the analysis, the technology acceptance model is the most commonly used theoretical model.
Figure 5 reflects the changes in the main research content of this field over time. The red text labels on the right side of the figure are the cluster labels of keywords, and the black text labels on the left horizontal line are some of the main keywords in the keyword cluster. The larger the node corresponding to a keyword, the more research that has been conducted around the keyword. In addition, the position of the keywords on the horizontal line corresponds to the year when these keywords first appeared. For example, “user acceptance” is located below 2010; it reveals that the keyword first appeared in 2010. “Big data” roughly corresponds to the period between 2017 and 2018, pointing out that the first time it attracted widespread attention was in 2017; “gamification” is located below 2019, indicating that it has gradually attracted the attention of academia in 2019. The findings of the study clarify that before 2012, research on mobile technology in tourism was limited, and the main focus was on mobile devices, technologies, and services and the attitude and acceptance of users. After 2012, scholars have gradually increased their research in this field, and the types of keywords have become increasingly diverse. The keywords after 2017 present the current research frontiers in this field, such as “gamification,” “big data,” “smart tourism,” and “perceived risk.”
4.5. Knowledge Base Analysis
Co-citation analysis is one of the key parts of bibliometric analysis. This analysis can simultaneously make an accurate analysis of the knowledge structure of the research field by exploring the frequency of two documents being co-cited and determine the most influential thoughts and schools of thought and their relationships [46,47]. Several studies have confirmed its effectiveness in finding out the intellectual structure of a research field [48].
A total of 803 references cited 28,652 references. Keyword information was extracted to generate a co-citation cluster map of the literature on mobile technology research in tourism. Modularity Q = 0.7957 > 0.4 and Mean Silhouette = 0.663 > 0.5 of the cluster map indicate that the clustering results are of quality. Figure 6 depicts the largest subnet of co-cited references. The cluster label points out that mobile technology, travel mode, mobile instrument, travel behavior research, mobile applications, and geo-based technology are the foundations of mobile technology research in tourism. The Mean Silhouettes of the six clusters are all greater than 0.7, indicating that the clusters have high homogeneity (Table 3).
Figure 7A,B respectively shows the top ten authors with the most co-citation counts and the strongest co-citation centrality. The darker the color of the label (the larger the node, the darker the color of the label), the more citations/centrality. As shown in Figure 7, Wang, D., Davis, F. D., and Buhalis, D. are the three most-cited authors, whereas Wang, D., Shoval, N., and Asakura, Y. are the top three authors of centrality. They have made great contributions to the research foundation in this field. Among them, Wang, D.’s co-citation frequency and centrality value rank first, which illustrates that this scholar plays an important role in this field. In addition, the color of the connecting line between the two nodes represents the time when the author represented by the two nodes was first co-cited. The change in line color from a cool blue to a warm red represents a change in time from early to recent. The lines in Figure 7 are rich in color, reflecting that the authors have been co-cited over a large time span and cover many time points.
Figure 8A,B respectively illustrates the top ten journals with the most co-citation counts and the strongest co-citation centrality. The depth of the label color and the size of the node demonstrate that Tourism Management, Transportation Research Record, and Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice are among the top three in terms of co-citation counts; the top three journals in terms of centrality are Communications of the ACM, Annals of Tourism Research, and Lecture Notes in Computer Science. These journals have a great influence on the research foundation of mobile technology in the tourism field. Similarly to Figure 7, Figure 8 also has a variety of line colors, which indicates that journals have also been co-cited over a relatively long time and at multitudinous points in time.
5. Implications and Future Researc4.启示与未来研究h
From the perspective of the overall research trend of mobile technology in tourism and the changes in keywords on the timeline, the research of mobile technology in tourism is synchronized with the development of mobile technology. Since the third generation of mobile communication technology, mobile technology has gradually been applied to tourism, and related research has also developed simultaneously. In the early phase, the research topics tended to focus on a macro level, focusing on exploring mobile devices, technologies, and their services and users’ attitudes and acceptance of technologies. With the emergence of 4G, tourism and mobile technologies have been more closely integrated. The number of related studies has increased, the types of research topics have been gradually increased and refined, and multi-angle research, such as online consumption, social media networks, and location-based services, has emerged. In addition, mobile technology can often provide vitality to tourism. Specifically, first, mobile technology can innovate traditional tourism modes. For instance, the application of AR technology to cultural heritage tourism can effectively enhance the experience of tourists while maintaining the integrity of the attractions [从旅游移动技术的整体研究趋势和时间线上关键词的变化来看，旅游移动技术的研究与移动技术的发展是同步的。自第三代移动通信技术以来，移动技术已逐渐应用于旅游业，相关研究也同时发展。在早期阶段，研究主题倾向于集中在宏观层面，着重于探索移动设备，技术及其服务以及用户的态度和对技术的接受程度。随着4G的出现，旅游业和移动技术已经更加紧密地集成在一起。相关研究的数量增加了，研究主题的类型也逐渐增加和完善了，并且多角度研究，例如在线消费，社交媒体网络和基于位置的服务。此外，移动技术通常可以为旅游业提供活力。具体来说，首先，移动技术可以创新传统的旅游方式。例如，将AR技术应用于文化遗产旅游可以有效地增强游客的体验，同时保持景点的完整性[349]. Second, the development of mobile technology or the emergence of new mobile technologies can bring new application functions and research content to tourism. For example, this development has promoted the concept of smart tourism and the development of sustainable tourism. However, in the field of social science research, a lag in the research of mobile technology in tourism exists. Moreover, the three stages of new mobile technology from the advent to being used in tourism to being paid attention to by academia have a gap. In summary, within ten years, as 5G and related technologies are increasingly used, the number of studies on mobile technology in tourism and the types of research topics will continue to increase. In the meantime, new 5G-related technologies, including the Internet of Things, the Internet of Vehicles, and high-definition video, will be gradually applied to tourism, bringing additional opportunities and challenges to tourism and becoming new research directions. Moreover, this research predicts that when entering the era of sixth-generation mobile communication technology (6G), that is, approximately 2030, the research on mobile technology in tourism will usher in the next period of rapid growth]。其次，移动技术的发展或新移动技术的出现可以为旅游业带来新的应用功能和研究内容。例如，这种发展促进了智能旅游的概念和可持续旅游的发展。然而，在社会科学研究领域，旅游业中的移动技术研究存在滞后性。而且，从出现到旅游业到学术界关注的新移动技术的三个阶段还有差距。综上所述，在十年之内，随着5G和相关技术的日益普及，旅游业对移动技术的研究数量和研究主题的类型将继续增加。同时，与5G相关的新技术包括物联网，车联网，高清视频将逐步应用于旅游业，给旅游业带来更多机遇和挑战，并成为新的研究方向。此外，这项研究预测，当进入第六代移动通信技术（6G）时代，即大约2030年时，旅游业对移动技术的研究将迎来下一个快速增长的时期。.
Journal citation and co-citation analyses, including collaboration network analysis and author co-citation analysis, provide a good reference for future researchers to carry out research on mobile technology in tourism. In this research, the journal citation analysis and journal co-citation analysis show the journals that have contributed the most to this field. In both parts, the following four journals appeared: Transportation Research Record, Transportation Research Part C: Emerging Technologies, Tourism Management, and Journal of Travel Research. This notion indicates that they play an important role in cited and co-cited articles. Author collaboration network analysis, author co-citation analysis, institution collaboration network analysis, and country/region collaboration network analysis explore the most prominent authors, institutions, and countries in the field of research and their respective cooperative relations. Wang, D., Hong Kong Polytechnic University, and the United States of America are the most representative author, institution, and country in this research field, respectively. Therefore, if relevant personnel in academia and industry want to understand the research of mobile technology in tourism, then they can start with the relevant literature of the above journals, authors, institutions, and countries. Furthermore, the research of mobile technology in tourism has developed to relatively mature in the past two decades. Therefore, extensive and in-depth cooperation relationships between authors, institutions, and countries/regions exist. Notably, in this research field, most of the countries/regions, institutions, and authors that play an important role in the volume of publications and partnerships are countries/regions with great economic levels or come from these countries/regions. This event might be because economically developed countries/regions can invest additional funds for the development and use of mobile technologies, and they also need the support of various new technologies. Therefore, this research speculates that with the development of this research field, countries, institutions, and authors will form an extensive and close cooperation network in the world. Furthermore, countries with high levels of mobile technology development (they are most likely to be countries with high economic levels) or institutions and authors from these countries are likely to occupy a core position in these relationships期刊引用和共引用分析，包括协作网络分析和作者共引用分析，为未来的研究人员开展旅游移动技术研究提供了很好的参考。在这份研究中，期刊引文分析和期刊共引分析显示了在该领域贡献最大的期刊。在这两个部分中，出现了以下四个期刊：交通研究记录，交通研究C部分：新兴技术，旅游管理和旅行研究期刊。该概念表明在被引用和被引用的文章中起重要作用。作者协作网络分析，作者共引分析，机构协作网络分析和国家/地区协作网络分析探索了研究领域中最杰出的作者，机构和国家及其各自的合作关系。王D.，香港理工大学和美国分别是该研究领域中最具代表性的作者，机构和国家。因此，如果学术界和工业界的相关人员想了解旅游业中的移动技术研究，那么他们可以从上述期刊，作者，机构和国家的相关文献入手。最终，在过去的二十年中，旅游业中移动技术的研究已经发展到相对成熟。因此，在作者，机构和国家/地区之间存在着广泛而深入的合作关系。根本的是，在该研究领域中，在出版物和合作伙伴关系中发挥重要作用的大多数国家/地区，机构和作者都是经济水平较高的国家/地区或来自这些国家/地区。发生此事件可能是因为经济发达的国家/地区可以投资更多的资金来开发和使用移动技术，并且它们还需要各种新技术的支持。因此，本研究估计，采用该研究领域的发展，国家，机构，并且作者将在世界范围内形成广泛而紧密的合作网络。以及，移动技术发展水平高的国家（最有可能是经济水平高的国家）或机构以及这些国家的作者可能在这些关系中占据核心地位。.
The co-citation clustering of references shows that mobile technology, travel mode, mobile instrument, travel behavior research, mobile application, and geo-based technology constitute the knowledge base of mobile technology research in tourism. The clustering results are largely consistent with the research topics presented by the keywords with the highest co-occurrence frequency. The mobile technology dimension discusses the application and role of mobile technology in tourism and related industries from various angles. For instance, Dickinson, Ghali, Cherrett, Speed, Davies, and Norgate [42] and Wang, Xiang, and Fesenmaier [44] analyzed the use, mechanism, and impact of smartphones in travel from a comprehensive perspective. Molz et al. [50] studied mobile ties and the role of online social media and network technologies in travel and communication. With regard to the travel mode dimension, mobile communication technology can fundamentally change the travel mode, particularly breaking through travel time and space constraints [42]. The time-use efficiency of tourists is improved, and tourists’ cognition and use of space are expanded by improving or introducing many aspects including intelligent transportation, tourism space interaction, and multitasking of travel. In the dimension of the mobile instrument, Asakura et al. [51] pointed out that with the rapid development of mobile communication technology, the equipment that can be used for travel measurement will increase. On this basis, this research believes that equipment and services that increase travel experience and provide travel services will also develop rapidly. For example, robot services in hotels or scenic spots and wearable devices will be used to provide virtual travel experiences. The travel behavior research dimension explores the effect of mobile technology on tourist behavior and the acceptance and perception of mobile technology by tourists. Travel behavior occurs at a specific stage or time in the travel process, including the behavior, perception, feeling, and any related content considered by the tourist [45]. Mobile technology influences these elements by intervening. In addition, external and internal motivations, cognitive beliefs, contextual promotion, past experience of using smartphones during travel, and experience of using smartphones in daily environments directly affect tourists’ acceptance and perception of mobile technology [44]. The mobile application dimension mainly focuses on the research of travel-related mobile applications. Users can download personalized applications to their mobile devices and use the information and services provided by these applications throughout the journey, such as mobile e-guide applications and travel recommendation system applications [52,53]. These applications can help tourists adapt to the uncertainty in travel planning and coordinate the “fluidity” of time/space arrangements [54]. In terms of geo-based technology dimensions, on the one hand, the use of location-based technologies (e.g., navigation systems, location-based portable recommendation systems, and geographic-based software) can help travelers obtain the necessary knowledge for travel and form geographic-related behaviors and experience and simultaneously enhance their travel experience [55]. On the other hand, geographic-based technology can track visitor-related information and provide data support for the management and service of suppliers or governments [56]. This research considers that in future research, big data may be closely integrated with this research dimension参考文献的共引证聚类表明，移动技术，旅行方式，移动仪器，旅行行为研究，移动应用程序和基于地理的技术构成了旅游业中移动技术研究的摘要。聚类结果与同时出现频率最高的例如，迪金森，加利，切雷特，速度，戴维斯和纳尔格特[ 40 ]以及王，关键字提出的研究主题基本一致。移动技术维度从各个角度讨论了移动技术在旅游业和相关行业中的应用和作用。Xian和Fesenmaier [ 41 ]从综合的角度分析了智能手机在旅行中的用途，机制和影响。[ 42 ]研究了移动联系以及在线社交和网络技术在旅行和通讯中的作用。关于旅行模式的维度，移动通信技术可以从根本上改变旅行模式，特别是突破旅行时间和空间限制[ 40 ]。通过改善或约会智能交通，旅游空间互动和旅行多任务等诸多方面，提高了游客的时间利用效率，并扩大了游客对空间的认知和使用。在移动仪器的尺寸上，朝仓等人。[ 43 ]指出，随着移动通信技术的飞速发展，可用于行程测量的设备将会例如，旅馆或景点中的机器人服务和可穿戴设备将为提供虚拟旅行体验。出行行为研究；增加。在此基础上，本研究认为增加旅行体验并提供旅行服务的设备和服务也将迅速发展。维度讨论了移动技术对游客行为的影响以及游客对移动技术的接受和感知。旅行行为发生在旅行过程中的特定阶段或时间，包括行为，感知，感觉以及游客考虑的任何相关内容[ 44 ]。移动技术通过干预来影响这些元素。从而，外部和内部动机，认知信念，情境提升，旅行期间使用智能手机的先前经验以及在日常环境中使用智能手机的经验都会直接影响游客对移动技术的接受和感知[ 41 ]。移动应用程序尺寸主要侧重于旅行相关移动应用程序的研究。用户可以个性化的应用软件下载到他们的移动设备，并使用整个旅程这些应用，如移动电子商务应用指南和旅游推荐系统的应用[中提供的信息和服务，45 ，46 ]。这些应用程序可以帮助游客适应旅行计划中的不确定性，并协调时间/空间安排的“流动性” [ 47 ]。在基于地理的技术维度方面，允许，基于位置的技术（例如，导航系统，基于位置的便携式推荐系统和基于地理的软件）的使用可以帮助旅行者获得旅行和旅行所必需的知识。形成与地理相关的行为和经验，同时增强他们的旅行体验[ 48 ]。另一方面，基于地理的技术可以跟踪与访客有关的信息，并为供应商或政府的管理和服务提供数据支持[ 49 ]。这研究认为，在未来的研究中，大数据可能会研究尺寸紧密集成。.
6. Conclusions and Limitations
This study used bibliometric analysis and visualization to comprehensively explore the research trends, research areas, top journals, top authors and their collaboration networks, top institutions and their collaboration networks, top countries and their collaboration networks, research topics, and knowledge bases in mobile technology research in tourism. Research findings show that, first, the research of mobile technology in tourism can be divided into three phases and to a certain extent is synchronized with the development of mobile technology. Second, in the area of social sciences, the research of mobile technology in tourism needs further exploration, which must refer to related research in the areas of Transportation and IT to expand the perspective of research. Top journal analysis, journal co-citation analysis, author co-citation analysis, and collaboration network analysis reveal the most representative journals, authors, institutions, and countries/regions in this research field. This finding provides a valuable reference for scholars in this field. Additionally, this research also grasped the hot and cutting-edge topics in this field through the analysis of keywords in this field. Finally, the clustering of co-citation references presents the knowledge base of mobile technology research in the tourism field: mobile technology, travel mode, mobile instrument, travel behavior research, mobile applications, and geo-based technology.
The main contributions of this research are as follows. First, this research used bibliometric analysis to provide a quantitative perspective for the study of mobile technology in tourism in the past two decades, supplement previous review studies, and point out potential future research directions with a systematic, comprehensive, and objective method. Second, combined with visualization, on the basis of network work analysis as accurate and objective as possible, visualization figures and tables of mobile technology research in tourism were drawn from multiple angles. The limitation of this research is the limited statistical analysis of the methodology and theories used by mobile technology research in tourism. Moreover, the study only reviewed journal papers in the Web of Science Core Collection. Future research may be supplemented with methodological and theoretical statistical and visual analysis while expanding the scope of the literature reviewed.
