Soil is the main component in the agroecosystem besides water, microbial communities, and cultivated plants. Several problems face soil, including soil pollution, erosion, salinization, and degradation on a global level. Many approaches have been applied to overcome these issues, such as phyto-, bio-, and nanoremediation through different soil management tools. Mushrooms can play a vital role in the soil through bio-nanoremediation, especially under the biological synthesis of nanoparticles, which could be used in the bioremediation process.
Mushroom Species | Nanoparticle Kind and Its Size (nm) | Bioactivity or the Reaction | Reference |
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Nanoemulsion derived from mushroom polysaccharide for the antitumor activity | |||
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174 | |||
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Agaricus bisporus | Chitin nanopaper derived from mushroom | Production of chitin nanopaper from an extract of mushrooms | [175] |
Agaricus bisporus | Fraction of chitin/glucan | Producing glycosidases (e.g., chitinases), which immobilize on nanoparticles and spray for biocontrol of insect pests | [176] |
Lactarius volemus | Modified chitosan with nano-Fe3O4 nanoparticles | Purification of phytase enzymes and their potential in cereal industries | [177] |
Lentinus edodes | Cellulose nanofibers | The highest yield of the film was produced using 0.18 g NaClO per 1.0 g of waste mushroom bed (71% cellulose) | [178] |
Agaricus bisporus | Ag-NPs (80–100) | Antibacterial activities | [153] |
Amanita muscaria | Ag-NPs (5–25) | Anticancer activity | [153] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Ag-NPs (35) | Antioxidant properties | [154] |
Pleurotus giganteus | Ag-NPs (5–25) | Antimicrobial activity | [155] |
Ganoderma applanatum | Ag-NPs (20–5) | Antioxidant; Antibacterial | [156] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Ag-NPs (15–22) | Antimicrobial activity | [148] |
Pleurotus giganteus | Ag-NPs (2–20) | Antibacterial activity | [155] |
Lentinus tuber-regium | Ag-NPs (5–35) | Antimicrobial activity | [157] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Ag-NPs (15–45) | Antimicrobial activity | [158] |
Pichia pastoris | Ag-NPs (6.63) | Antioxidant and antimicrobial | [159] |
Inonotus hispidus | Ag-NPs (69.24) | Antibacterial and antifungal | [150] |
Ramaria botrytis | Ag@AuNPs (200) | Antioxidant and antibacterial | [149] |
Flammulina velutipes | Ag-NPs (22) | Antibacterial activities | [160] |
Boletus edulis Coriolus versicolor |
Ag-NPs (87.7) Ag-NPs (86.0) |
Anticancer of breast, colon; liver, and antimicrobial | [137] |
Pleurotus ostreatus Pleurotus djamor |
Ag-NPs (28.44) Ag-NPs (55.76) |
Antioxidant activities and antimicrobial agent | [152] |
Agaricus arvensis | Ag-NPs (20) | Anticancer, Antimicrobial | [138] |
Ganoderma lucidum | Ag-NPs (50) | Antibacterial activities | [140] |
Agaricus bisporus | Ag-NPs (50.44) | Antibacterial activity | [139] |
Pleurotus sajor-caju | Au-NPs (16–18) | Cancer cell inhibition | [135] |
Ganoderma applanatum | Au-NPs (18.7) | Dye decolorization | [161] |
Lentinula edodes | Au-NPs (5–15) | Anticancer activity | [162] |
Ganoderma lucidium | Au-NPs (5–15) | Anticancer activity | [162] |
Agaricus bisporus | Cu-NPs (10) | Antibactericidal activity | [143] |
Pleurotus tuber-regium | Se-NPs (50) | Anticancer activity | [163] |
Pleurotus djamor | TiO2-NPs (31) | Antilarval properties | [142] |
Pleurotuss ostreatu | ZnS-NPs (2–5) | Biomedical; food packaging | [164] |
Agaricus bisporus | Zn-NPs (12–17) | Antirenal cancer | [165] |
Candida albicans | ZnO-NPs (10.2) | Antimicrobial activities | [145] |
Pleurotus floridanus | ZnO-NPs (34.98) | Biomedical applications | [144] |
Pleurotus djamor | ZnO-NPs (38.73) | Antibacterial and anticancer | [166] |
Agarius bisporus | ZnO-NPs (20) | Antibacterial activity | [167] |
Mushroom Species | Potential Materials | The Main Application/Main Findings | Refs. |
Agaricus bisporus | Nanoencapsulation of rutin in β-glucan matrix | Encapsulation by green technology for nutraceutical activities | [147] |
Lentinula edodes | Chitin/cellulose nanofiber | Growth promotion and disease resistance | [170] |
Lentinula edodes, Pleurotus ostreatus | Chitin nanopaper derived from mushroom | Extraction of chitin from the mushrooms to produce nanopaper | [171] |
Pleurotus ostreatus | Chitin–glucan complex | Producing eco-friendly polymers | [172] |
Agaricus bisporus, Pleurotus ostreatus | Biocompatible fluorescent carbon-based nanomaterials | Producing live cells by fluorescent carbon quantum dot derived from mushrooms | [173] |
Lentinus edodes | Nanoemulsion |