The impact of plastics on the environment can be mitigated by employing biobased and/or biodegradable materials (i.e., bioplastics) instead of the traditional “commodities”. In this context, pPoly (butylene succinate) (PBS) emerges as one of the most promising alternatives due to its good mechanical, thermal, and barrier properties, making it suitable for use in a wide range of applications. Nevertheless, less information regarding PBS biodegradation is available, as research is still ongoing. PBS degradation methods include hydrolytic degradation, enzymatic degradation, and biodegradation in environmental conditions, such as burial, activated sludge, and compost.
Filler | Filler Content | Experimental Conditions | Results (Weight Loss) | Reference | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rubberwood powders (RWP) | 0–40 wt% | 60 days, no UV radiation, water control each 48 h | <1% (PBS) 2–10% (PBS/RWP) |
[137] | [32] | |||||||
Rice husk flour (RHF) and wood flour (WF) | 0–40 wt% | 4 months | 7% (PBS) 8–12% (PBS/RHF and PBS/WF) |
[165] | [30] | |||||||
Cutinase | Fusarium solani | PBS films 30 × 10 × 0.1 mm | 3 | |||||||||
Sugarcane rind fiber (SRF) | 0–15 wt% | 100 days, natural soil in cropland, water control each 24 h | pH = 7.4 at 37 °C, 10 mg/mL | 2.5% (PBS)98.4% weight loss in 12 h | 10–20% (PBS/SRF) | [ | [166] | [31] | 149] | [10] | ||
Cutinase | Fusarium solani | PBS films 30 × 10 × 0.5 mm | 3 | pH = 7.2 at 37 °C, 18 U/mL | ||||||||
Microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) | 0–40 wt% | 75 days, simulated compost, 58 °C, pH = 5.7–6.3, 50 wt% water content | 100% in 75–80 days (PBS) | ~100% weight loss in 26 h | 100% in 65–70 days (PBS/MCC and PBS/NFC) |
[167] | [ | [150] | [11] | |||
36 | ] | Lipase | Candida antarctica | (CALB) | PBS films 30 × 10 × 0.5 mm | 3 | pH = 7.2 at 45 °C, 18 U/mL | 95.1% weight loss in 26 h | [ | |||
Cotton fiber (CF) | 0–40 wt% | Based on ISO 14855-2 100 days, 58 °C, 10 mL/min air flow | 150 | ] | [11] | |||||||
~60% (PBS) | ~90% (PBS/CF) | [ | 168] | [37] | Lipase | Candida rugosa | PBS films 10 × 10 × 0.5 mm | 3 | pH = 7.4 at 30 °C, 0.1 mg/mL | 2% weight loss after 7 weeks | ||
Rice husk flour (RHF) | 0–40 wt% | Based on ASTM D 6003-96 80 days, 30 °C, pH = 7, 50–60 wt% water content |
~12% (PBS) 13–18% (PBS/RHF) |
[169] | [38] | [151] | [12] | |||||
Lipase | Pseudomonas cepacia | PBS films 20 × 30 × 0.3 mm | 3 | pH = 8.0 at 40 °C, 0.06 mg/mL | 2% weight loss after 90 h | [152] | [13] | |||||
Jute fiber (JF) | 0–30 wt% | 180 days, compost soil, 30 °C, constant water control | 31.4% (PBS) 47.3–62.5% (PBS/JF) |
[170] | [39] | Lipase | Candida antarctica | (CALB) N435 | PBS films 30 × 10 mm | 2 | pH = 7.4 at 37 °C, 1.2 mg/mL | 1.8% weight loss after 90 h |
Abaca fiber (AF) | 10 wt% | 180 days, black soil and leaf mold for gardening, 25–30 °C, water control each 48 h | ~30% (PBS) ~50% (PBS/AF) |
[171] | [40 | [153] | [14] | |||||
] | Lipase | Porcine pancreas | PBS films 30 × 10 mm | 2 | pH = 7.4 at 37 °C, 0.8 mg/mL | 0.9% weight loss after 90 h | [153] | [14] | ||||
Lipase | Pseudomonas cepacia | PBS films 10 × 10 × 0.1 mm | 3 | pH = 6.86 at 45 °C, 0.22 mg/mL | 4.6% weight loss after 50 h | [154] | [15] | |||||
Lipase | Porcine pancreas | PBS film discs 10 × 10 × 0.2 mm | 3 | pH = 7.4 at 37 °C, 1 mg/mL | 21% weight loss after 30 days | [146] | [6] | |||||
Lipase | Pseudomonas fluorescens | PBS films 10 × 10 × 0.2 mm | 3 | pH = 7.3 at 37 °C, 2 mg/mL | No visible degradation after 300 h | [155] | [16] | |||||
Lipase | Pseudomonas cepacia | PBS films 10 × 10 × 0.1 mm | 3 | pH = 6.86 at 45 °C, 0.53 mg/mL | 100% weight loss after 288 h | [71] | [17] | |||||
Lipase | Pseudomonas cepacia | PBS film discs 20 × 20 × 0.05 mm | 3 | pH = 7.4 at 37 °C, 1 mg/mL | 6% weight loss after 50 h | [156] | [18] | |||||
Lipase | Rhizopus delemar | and | Pseudomonas cepacia | PBS film discs 50 × 50 × 2 mm | 3 | pH = 7.2 at 30 °C, 0.09 & 0.01 mg/mL | 2% weight loss after 360 h | [66] | [19] |
Soy, canola, and corn gluten meals (SM, CM, CGM) and switchgrass (SG) | |||||
25 wt% | |||||
Based on ASTM D6400 | |||||
200 days, 3 month-old compost, 58 °C, pH = 7–8, 50–55 wt% water content | |||||
~95% (PBS) | ~85% (PBS/SG) | 90–95% (PBS/SM, PBS/CM and PBS/CGM) |
[172] | [41] | |
Organically modified montmorillonite (OMMT) | 0–10 wt% | 180 days, natural compost, 30 °C, pH = 7.46, 60–70 wt% water content | ~9% (PBS) ~3.5–5% (PBS/OMMT) |
[173] | [42] |
Nanofibrillated cellulose (NFC) and recycled cellulose (rCell) | 0–15 wt% (PBS/NFC) 0–50 wt% (PBS/rCell) |
80 days, 58 °C, pH = 5.7–6.5, >50 wt% water content | ~80% (PBS) ~85–92% (PBS/NFC) 100% in 70 days (PBS/rCell) |
[174,175] | [43][44] |
Pistachio shell flour (PSF) | 0–30 wt% | Based on ISO 20200 112 days, compost, 58 °C, 55 % relative humidity |
~18% (PBS) ~14–17.5% (PBS/PSF) |
[176] | [45] |