| Drug transporters and drug-metabolizing enzymes |
|
| AMPK |
|
| ABCG2, GST, LRP1, MDR1, MRP1, Nrf2, p-AKT, p-CREB, p-NF-κB, PI3K |
|
| Cellular accumulation |
|
| ABC transporters |
| ATPase activity |
| Detoxification |
|
| Pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic action |
|
| AIF, AMPK, Apaf-1, Bad, Bax, |
| Caspae-3, Caspase-7, Caspase-8, Caspase-9, CHK2, CK1, Endo G, |
| miR-122-5p, p53, p-p53(S20), PTEN, PUMA, TSC1, TSC2 |
|
| Bcl-2, Bcl-xL, Clusterin, Integrin β1, |
| p-AKT, p-Bad(s136), p-EGFR, |
| p-ERK1/2, p-FAK, PI3K, p-IkBα, |
| p-Jak, p-mTOR, p-NF-κB, |
| p-p53(S15, S46), p-Src, p-Stat1, |
| Survivin, uPAR |
|
| Apoptosis |
| Cell death |
| Senescence |
| Sub-G1 arrest |
|
| Cell proliferation |
| Tumor volume |
|
| Autophagy regulation |
|
| Atg3, Atg5, Atg7, Atg14, Atg12, Atg16L1, Beclin-1, LC3-Ⅱ, p62, |
| p-AMPKα, p-JNK |
|
| p-AKT, p-mTOR, Rubicon |
|
| Autophagy |
|
| - |
|
| Migration, invasion, metastasis, EMT, and CSC |
|
| E-cadherin, SIRT1, γ-catenin |
|
| ALDH1, CD133, CD44, CXCR4, Fibronectin, MMP-2, MMP-9, |
| N-Cadherin, p-ERK, p-NF-κB, p-p38, |
| p-Smad2, p-Smad3, Slug, Snail, TGF-β, Vimentin, β-Catenin |
|
| Intracellular junction |
|
| Cell migration, invasion, and metastasis |
| Colony formation |
| CSC |
| EMT |
|