The microring resonator structure is displayed in Figure 1. It consists of an integrated silicon microring and bus waveguide coated with a thin film of tellurium oxide (TeO₂). The silicon structure was fabricated in a silicon photonics foundry on a wafer-scale SOI platform with a 220 nm silicon layer thickness and consists of a 30 µm-radius silicon microring constructed using a 0.5 µm-wide waveguide. The bus waveguide is 0.4 µm wide, and the point coupling gap is 1.0 µm. The structure was cladded with SiO₂, and subsequently, a window on top of the microring resonator was etched to the silicon layer for use in the post-processing TeO₂ deposition or unclad device experiments. A set of devices with identical dimensions but without the SiO₂ cladding etched was also fabricated for comparison. Deep etching was used for end-facet preparation and wafer dicing. For the TeO₂-clad devices, the structure was coated with a 270 nm-thick TeO₂ film deposited using a room-temperature reactive RF co-sputtering post-processing step with 145 W of tellurium target sputtering power, 2.8 mTorr chamber pressure, and 12 and 7.6 sccm of argon and oxygen flow, respectively. The substrate temperature was set at 20 °C. A top-view scanning electron microscope (SEM) image and the cross-section diagram of the TeO₂-coated Si microring resonator are displayed in Figure 1a,b, respectively. Figure 1c,d show the image of the experimental setup and a microscopic image of the microring resonator with an open window structure.

The electric field profiles of the transverse-electric (TE)-polarized fundamental modes calculated using a finite element method (FEM) modesolver for the (cladding–core) TeO₂–Si, SiO₂–Si, and air–Si waveguides at a 1550 nm wavelength are displayed in Figure 2a–c, respectively. We also sSummarizeing the calculated optical properties of the TeO₂–Si, SiO₂–Si, and air–Si microring resonator structures in Figure 2d. The microring resonators and the bus waveguides were designed to achieve single-mode waveguide conditions at 1.55 to 2 μm wavelengths. The ring waveguide structure supports the TE-polarized and TM-polarized modes, and it has a low bending radiation loss at 1550 nm for TE only. The effective index of the TeO₂-coated resonator is 2.8, which is almost 7.7 and 12% higher than that of the air- and SiO₂-clad devices. For the TeO₂-coated Si microring resonator, 21.7% of the optical power is confined in the TeO₂ coating layer, while 65.0% is confined in the silicon layer. The rest of the optical power is confined in the lower SiO₂ cladding. Slightly lower cladding confinement of 15.8 and 17.2%, respectively, is observed in the air- and SiO₂-clad cases. The effective area is slightly larger in the TeO₂-coated Si microring resonator than SiO₂-coated and uncoated silicon microring resonators, although the mode is pulled upward more into the cladding, both of which can influence the ring–bus waveguide coupling.

The TeO₂-coated resonator has a higher mode area of approximately 0.20 μm² at 1.55 μm. The effective index increases for the TeO₂ film cladding as the resonant mode becomes more confined in the TeO₂ layer. The expansion of the optical mode at longer wavelengths decreases the effective index. The results show that approximately 60% of the mode power is confined in the Si region and 26% in the TeO₂-cladded layer for the TeO₂ cladding at a wavelength of 1.55 μm.

The surface scattering loss is the waveguide scattering loss per unit length and was calculated using the widely used Payne–Lacey model [34]. This model has been applied previously to 3D-SOI bent waveguides [35,36,37] such that where σ, k₀, W, and n₁ are the roughness, free-space wave vector, waveguide width, and core index, respectively. The function f is determined by the correlation length (L_c), while g is determined by the geometry of the waveguide and accounts for ridge-type waveguide structures such as the SOI ridge rings investigated here. Both σ and L_c  are typically measured via atomic force microscopy or scanning electron microscopy of a waveguide. We assumeThe values of σ and vL_c are alssues ofmed to be 1.0 nm and 50 nm for σ and L_c, respectively, based on previous measurements on SOI waveguides [35,36,37,38]. We also assumed tThe roughness of the TeO₂  coating canis assumed to be neglectedigible based on previous AFM roughness measurements showing <1 nm root mean square (RMS) surface roughness on low-loss sputtered thin films [38]. Details of the expressions g and f can be found in the Payne–Lacey model [34]. The Payne–Lacey model was modified for bent waveguides and rings by adding a correction factor η [35] which allows us to accurately predict the loss of bent waveguides or resonators given the value of the sidewall roughness. The correction factor  η is defined as the ratio of the mode overlap between bent and straight waveguides using an FEM simulation. In the Payne–Lacey bending model, η is considered 1 in the straight waveguide. We plot the sSidewall scattering loss aes are plotted as a function of the wavelength. The experimental loss obtained from the quality factor measurements of the MRRs follows the same trend as the Payne–Lacey model, which indicates that the losses in the different MRRs are largely influenced by the core cladding refractive index contrast and sidewall roughness [23]. These results show that the application of a high-refractive-index TeO₂ top cladding can be considered promising for low-loss passive components as well as active devices such as monolithic amplifiers and lasers with improved performance on the SOI platform [32].