Domestic Violence against Women and COVID-19: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Yvaine Wei and Version 1 by Constantina Zamba.

Domestic violence against women is defined as harmful behavior that occurs within a home and it involves aggressive and violent conduct towards women. Since the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, and following the restrictions imposed to combat the pandemic (lockdowns, staying at home, isolation), domestic violence against women has increased worldwide. The current entry presents existing knowledge and discusses issues important for public awareness.

  • domestic violence
  • violence against women
  • COVID-19
  • pandemic
  • lockdown
Please wait, diff process is still running!

References

  1. Rogers, R.C. A Way of Being; Houghton Mifflin: Boston, MA, USA, 1980; ISBN 0-395-75530-1.
  2. Fader, S. A History of Domestic Violence: How Much Have Things Changed? BetterHelp. Available online: https://www.betterhelp.com/advice/domestic-violence/a-history-of-domestic-violence-how-much-have-things-changed/ (accessed on 9 November 2021).
  3. Hunter, J. WHO: 1 in 3 Women Affected by Physical or Sexual Violence. Available online: https://aoav.org.uk/2013/1-in-3-women-to-be-affected-by-physical-or-sexual-violence/ (accessed on 10 November 2021).
  4. Fulu, E.; Miedema, S. Violence Against Women: Globalizing the Integrated Ecological Model. Violence Against Women 2015, 21, 1431–1455.
  5. National Research Council. Understanding Violence Against Women; Crowell, N.A., Burgess, A.W., Eds.; The National Academies Press: Washington, DC, USA, 1996.
  6. Miller, S.L. Expanding the Boundaries: Toward a More Inclusive and Integrated Study of Intimate Violence. Violence Vict. 1994, 9, 183–199.
  7. O’Toole, L.L.; Schiffman, J.R.; Sullivan, R. Preface: Conceptualizing Gender Violence. In Gender Violence, 3rd Edition: Interdisciplinary Perspectives; O’Toole, L.L., Schiffman, J.R., Sullivan, R., Eds.; New York University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2007; pp. xi–xvi.
  8. Fox, V.C. Historical Perspectives on Violence Against Women. J. Int. Women’s Stud. 2002, 4, 15–34.
  9. National Library of Medicine. Domestic Violence in the 1970s. Available online: https://circulatingnow.nlm.nih.gov/2015/10/15/domestic-violence-in-the-1970s/ (accessed on 2 November 2021).
  10. Nicholls, T. Concerning Violence against Women: A Fanonian Analysis of Colonizing the Female Body. E-Cad. CES 2012, 16.
  11. Breines, I.; Connell, R.; Eide, I. Unesco. In Male Roles, Masculinities and Violence; UNESCO Pub.: Paris, France, 2000.
  12. Davis, J. Domestic Abuse. In School of Law Enforcement Supervision Session XVII; Cabot Police Department: Cabot, AR, USA, 2014.
  13. Swisher, K.; Wekesser, C. (Eds.) Violence Against Women; Greenhaven Press: San Diego, CA, USA, 1994.
  14. Rudnick Law. A Brief History & Overview of Domestic Violence. Available online: https://www.rudnicklaw.com/blog/history-domestic-violence/ (accessed on 24 November 2021).
  15. Erez, E. Domestic violence and the criminal justice system: An overview. Online J. Issues Nurs. 2002, 7, 4.
  16. Johnson, R. Changing Attitudes About Domestic Violence. J. Law Order 2002, 50. 60–62, 64, 65.
  17. Elkin, M. Domestic abuse and the criminal justice system, England and Wales—Office for National Statistics. Available online: https://www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/crimeandjustice/articles/domesticabuseandthecriminaljusticesystemenglandandwales/november2019 (accessed on 26 January 2022).
  18. World Health Organization . Levels of Domestic Violence Increase Globally, including in the Region, as COVID-19 Pandemic Escalates. Available online: http://www.emro.who.int/violence-injuries-disabilities/violence-news/levels-of-domestic-violence-increase-as-covid-19-pandemic-escalates.html (accessed on 23 January 2022).
  19. European Parliament. Tackling Violence against Women and Domestic Violence in Europe—The Added Value of the Istanbul Convention and Remaining Challenges; Think Tank; European Parliament: Brussels, Beligium, 2020.
  20. Repucci, S.; Slipowitz, A. Democracy under Lockdown: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Global Struggle for Freedom. Available online: https://freedomhouse.org/report/special-report/2020/democracy-under-lockdown (accessed on 27 December 2021).
  21. United Nations. What Is Domestic Abuse? Available online: https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/what-is-domestic-abuse (accessed on 14 December 2021).
  22. Perrin, N.; Marsh, M.; Clough, A.; Desgroppes, A.; Yope Phanuel, C.; Abdi, A.; Kaburu, F.; Heitmann, S.; Yamashina, M.; Ross, B.; et al. Social Norms and Beliefs about Gender Based Violence Scale: A Measure for Use with Gender Based Violence Prevention Programs in Low-Resource and Humanitarian Settings. Confl. Health 2019, 13, 6.
  23. World Health Organization . Domestic Violence: A Priority Public Health Issue in the Western Pacific Region; Regional Office for the Western Pacific: Manila, Philippine, 1998.
  24. Hegarty, K.; Roberts, G. How common is domestic violence against women? The definition of partner abuse in prevalence studies. Aust. New Zealand J. Public Health 1998, 22, 49–54.
  25. Taubenberger, J.K.; Morens, D.M. Pandemic Influenza—Including a Risk Assessment of H5N1. Rev. Sci. Tech. 2009, 28, 187–202.
  26. Morens, D.M.; Folkers, G.K.; Fauci, A.S. What Is a Pandemic? J. Infect. Dis. 2009, 200, 1018–1021.
  27. United Nation Women. The Shadow Pandemic: Violence against Women during COVID-19. UN Women—Europe and Central Asia. Available online: https://eca.unwomen.org/en/news/in-focus/in-focus-gender-equality-in-covid-19-response/violence-against-women-during-covid-19?fbclid=IwAR2VF8TfTPkkzusNRWLxjk4luVRCpwg4p4H0xsTjW35QTUHj0lCCXOPk8zE (accessed on 10 December 2021).
  28. World Health Organization . Coronavirus disease—(COVID-19). Available online: https://www.who.int/westernpacific/health-topics/coronavirus (accessed on 28 November 2021).
  29. Anastasiades, E.; Argyrides, M.; Mousoulidou, M. Misinformation about COVID-19: Psychological Insights. Encyclopedia 2021, 1, 1200–1214.
  30. Worlds Health Organisation . WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard. Available online: https://covid19.who.int (accessed on 27 November 2021).
  31. World Health Organization . WHO Health Emergency Dashboard. Available online: https://extranet.who.int/publicemergency (accessed on 27 November 2021).
  32. Mittal, S.; Singh, T. Gender-Based Violence During COVID-19 Pandemic: A Mini-Review. Front. Glob. Women’s Health 2020, 1, 4.
  33. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies. World Disasters Report 2015; IFRC Campaigns: Lyon, France, 2020.
  34. New Zealand Family Violence Clearinghouse (NZFVC). Preventing and responding to family, whānau and sexual violence during COVID-19. Available online: https://nzfvc.org.nz/COVID-19/preventing-responding-violence-COVID-19 (accessed on 30 November 2021).
  35. Buttell, F.P.; Carney, M.M. Examining the Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Police Responses to Domestic Violence. J. Traumatol. 2009, 15, 6–9.
  36. Enarson, E.; Chakrabarti, P.G.D. Women, Gender and Disaster: Global Issues and Initiatives; SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd.: New Dheli, India, 2009.
  37. Peterman, A.; Potts, A.; O’Dennell, M.; Thompson, K.; Shah, N.; Oertelt-Prigione, S.; Van Gelder, N. Pandemics and Violence against Women and Children; Centrer for Global Development: Washington, DC, USA, 2020.
  38. Rescue Organisation. Everything on Her Shoulders: Rapid Assesment on Gender and Violence against Women and Girls in the Ebola Outbreak in Beni, DRC. International Rescue Committee: New York, NY, USA,, 2019.
  39. Schumacher, J.A.; Coffey, S.F.; Norris, F.H.; Tracy, M.; Clements, K.; Galea, S. Intimate Partner Violence and Hurricane Katrina: Predictors and Associated Mental Health Outcomes. Violence Vict. 2010, 25, 588–603.
  40. United Nation Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). DOMESTIC VIOLENCE and COVID-19. Available online: https://unficyp.unmissions.org/domestic-violence-and-covid-19 (accessed on 30 November 2021).
  41. Weitzman, A.; Behrman, J.A. Disaster, Disruption to Family Life, and Intimate Partner Violence: The Case of the 2010 Earthquake in Haiti. Sociol. Sci. 2016, 3, 167–189.
  42. Dobson, N. From under the Mud-Pack: Women and the Charleville Floods. Macedon Dig. 1994, 9, 11–13.
  43. Enarson, E.; Fordham, M. From Women’s Needs to Women’s Rights in Disasters. Glob. Environ. Change Part B Environ. Hazards 2011, 3, 133–136.
  44. Fothergill, A.; Peek, L.A. Poverty and Disasters in the United States: A Review of Recent Sociological Findings. Natural Hazards 2004, 32, 89–110.
  45. Palermo, T.; Peterman, A. Undercounting, Overcounting and the Longevity of Flawed Estimates: Statistics on Sexual Violence in Conflict. Bull. World Health Organ. 2011, 89, 924–925.
  46. Campbell, A.M. An Increasing Risk of Family Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Strengthening Community Collaborations to Save Lives. Forensic Sci. Int. 2020, 2, 100089.
  47. Usta, J.; Murr, H.; El-Jarrah, R. COVID-19 Lockdown and the Increased Violence Against Women: Understanding Domestic Violence During a Pandemic. Violence Gend 2021, 8, 133–139.
  48. UNESCO. 11th Global Summit of National Ethics/Bioethics Committees. Available online: https://en.unesco.org/events/11th-global-summit-national-ethicsbioethics-committees (accessed on 28 November 2021).
  49. Davies, S.E.; Bennett, B. A Gendered Human Rights Analysis of Ebola and Zika: Locating Gender in Global Health Emergencies. Int. Aff. 2016, 92, 1041–1060.
  50. Onyango, A.M.; Resnick, K.; Davis, A.; Shah, R.R. Gender-based violence among adolescent girls and young women: A neglected consequence of the west african ebola outbreak. In Pregnant in the Time of Ebola: Women and Their Children in the 2013-2015 West African Epidemic; Schwartz, D.A., Anoko, J.N., Abramowitz, S.A., Eds.; Springer International Publishing: Cham, Switzerland, 2019; pp. 121–132.
  51. Yasmin, S. The Ebola Rape Epidemic No One’s Talking About:When the Outbreak Hit West Africa, Fevers Spiked—And So Did Rates of Teenage Pregnancy. Available online: https://foreignpolicy.com/2016/02/02/the-ebola-rape-epidemic-west-africa-teenage-pregnancy/ (accessed on 20 November 2021).
  52. Kluger, J. Domestic Violence is a Pandemic within the COVID-19 Pandemic. Available online: https://time.com/5928539/domestic-violence-covid-19/ (accessed on 14 November 2021).
  53. Perez-Vincent, S.M.; Carreras, E.; Gibbons, M.A.; Murphy, T.E.; Rossi, M. COVID-19 Lockdowns and Domestic Violence: Evidence from Two Studies in Argentina; Inter-American Development Bank: Washington, DC, USA, 2020.
  54. Card, D.; Dahl, G.B. Family Violence and Football: The Effect of Unexpected Emotional Cues on Violent Behavior*. Q. J. Econ. 2011, 126, 103–143.
  55. Piquero, A.R.; Jennings, W.G.; Jemison, E.; Kaukinen, C.; Knaul, F.M. Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic—Evidence from a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. J. Crim. Justice 2021, 74, 101806.
  56. Engel, L.; Farley, E.; Tilley, J. COVID-19 and Opioid Use Disorder; Council on Criminal Justice: Washington, DC, USA, 2020; Volume 11.
  57. Fana, M.; Torrejón Pérez, S.; Fernández-Macías, E. Employment Impact of COVID-19 Crisis: From Short Term Effects to Long Terms Prospects. J. Ind. Bus. Econ. 2020, 47, 391–410.
  58. Eisner, M.; Nivette, A. Violence and the Pandemic: Urgent Questions for Research. In HFG Research and Policy in Brief; Harry Frank Guggenheim Foundation: New York, NY, USA, 2020.
  59. Rosenfeld, R.; Lopez, E. Pandemic, Social Unrest, and Crime in U.S. Cities. Counc. Crim. Justice 2021, 33, 72–82.
  60. OECD. Lessons for Education from COVID-19: A Policy Maker’s Handbook for More Resilient Systems; Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development: Paris, France, 2020.
  61. Väter ohne Rechte. Frauenorganisationen fürchten um Geld. Available online: https://www.vaeter-ohne-rechte.at/frauenorganisationen-fuerchten-um-geld/ (accessed on 15 December 2021).
  62. Argentina, C.-C.S.d.J.d.l.N. La Oficina de Violencia Doméstica Recibió Denuncias Que Comprenden a 1623 Personas afectadas. Available online: http://www.ovd.gov.ar/ovd/verNoticia.do?idNoticia=4307 (accessed on 21 November 2021).
  63. Banerjee, S. Coronavirus Lockdown. Pune Zilla Parishad Plans Tough Action to Check Domestic Violence. In The Hindu; Pune: Chennai, India, 2020.
  64. Belga. Zeventig Procent Meer Oproepen over Geweld Bij Hulplijn 1712 Sinds Lockdown. Available online: https://www.hln.be/nieuws/zeventig-procent-meer-oproepen-over-geweld-bij-hulplijn-1712-sinds-lockdown~a669952e/ (accessed on 15 December 2021).
  65. Boserup, B.; McKenney, M.; Elkbuli, A. Alarming Trends in US Domestic Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Am. J. Emerg. Med. 2020, 38, 2753–2755.
  66. CBC News. COVID-19 Exacerbated Violence Against Women. Frontline Workers Want Essential Service Funding. Available online: https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/covid-intimate-partner-violence-1.5830614 (accessed on 15 December 2021).
  67. European Emergency Number Association. COVID-19: Impact on Mental Health and Domestic Violence; European Emergency Number Association: Brussels, Belgium, 2020.
  68. Fiji Women’s Crisis Centre. A “Dangerous” Rise in Domestic Violence in Fiji. Available online: https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/426844/a-dangerous-rise-in-domestic-violence-in-fiji (accessed on 15 December 2021).
  69. Janetsky, M. Violence against Women up Amid Latin America COVID-19 Lockdowns. Available online: https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2020/4/20/violence-against-women-up-amid-latin-america-covid-19-lockdowns (accessed on 23 November 2021).
  70. Johnston, K. COVID-19 Coronavirus: Domestic Violence is the Second, Silent Epidemic Amid Lockdown. Available online: https://www.nzherald.co.nz/nz/covid-19-coronavirus-domestic-violence-is-the-second-silent-epidemic-amid-lockdown/5ZUPUGT2MBITLISTC4RVGOCK24/ (accessed on 21 November 2021).
  71. Kottasova, I.; Donato, D.V. Women Are Using Code Words at Pharmacies to Escape Domestic Violence. CNN. Available online: https://edition.cnn.com/2020/04/02/europe/domestic-violence-coronavirus-lockdown-intl/index.html(accessed on 15 December 2021).
  72. Mak, I.W.C.; Chu, C.M.; Pan, P.C.; Yiu, M.G.C.; Chan, V.L. Long-Term Psychiatric Morbidities among SARS Survivors. Gen. Hosp. Psychiatry 2009, 31, 318–326.
  73. Olsen, M. Kø til Mandecenter: Familier Kortslutter efter Ugers Hjemmeisolation. Politiken.dk. Available online: https://politiken.dk/forbrugogliv/art7749751/Familier-kortslutter-efter-ugers-hjemmeisolation(accessed on 25 November 2021).
  74. Owe, B. ‘Back to square one’: Calls to domestic violence lines jump again as coronavirus surges—National. Globalnews.ca. Available online: https://globalnews.ca/news/7398324/coronavirus-canada-gender-based-violence/(accessed on 22 November 2021).
  75. Rukmini, S. Locked down with Abusers: India Sees Surge in Domestic Violence. Available online: https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/4/18/locked-down-with-abusers-india-sees-surge-in-domestic-violence (accessed on 25 November 2021).
  76. United Nations Development Program. Amidst Coronavirus Pandemic, UNDP Rings the Alarm on Domestic Violence—UNDP in Europe and Central Asia. Available online: https://www.eurasia.undp.org/content/rbec/en/home/stories/coronavirus-pandemic-albania-domestic-violence.html. (accessed on 25 November 2021).
  77. Yaron, L. More Women Die by Suicide as the Coronavirus Crisis Ushers in Rise in Domestic Violence. Available online: https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-suicide-cases-linked-to-rise-in-domestic-violence-in-wake-of-coronavirus-crisis-1.8835250 (accessed on 22 January 2022).
  78. Zhang, W. Domestic Violence Cases Surge During COVID-19 Epidemic. Available online: https://www.sixthtone.com/news/1005253/https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixthtone.com%2Fnews%2F1005253%2Fdomestic-violence-cases-surge-during-covid-19-epidemic (accessed on 22 November 2021).
  79. Association for the Prevention and Handling of Violence in the Family . 2021 Statistics. Available online: https://domviolence.org.cy/statistika/ (accessed on 24 January 2022).
  80. Arizona Coalition to End Sexual and Domestic Violence. Types of Domestic Violence. Available online: https://www.acesdv.org/domestic-violence-graphics/types-of-abuse/ (accessed on 25 January 2022).
  81. Doorways. Types of Domestic Violence. Available online: https://www.doorwaysva.org/our-work/education-advocacy/the-facts-about-domestic-violence/types-of-domestic-violence/ (accessed on 25 January 2022).
  82. Rakovec-Felser, Z. Domestic Violence and Abuse in Intimate Relationship from Public Health Perspective. Health Psychol. Res. 2014, 2, 1821.
  83. Davies, J. Victim-Defined Safety Planning: A Summary; National Resource Center on Domestic Violence (NRCDV): Harrisburg, PA, USA, 2017.
  84. Association for the Prevention and Handling of Violence in the Family . About Domestic Violence—Association for the Prevention and Handling of Violence in the Family. Available online: https://domviolence.org.cy/en/themata-endooikogeniakis-vias/ (accessed on 25 January 2022).
  85. Baugher, A.; Gazmararian, J. Masculine Gender Role Stress and Violence: A Literature Review and Future Directions. Aggress. Violent Behav. 2015, 24, 107–112.
  86. Evans, M.L.; Lindauer, M.; Farrell, M.E. A Pandemic within a Pandemic—Intimate Partner Violence during COVID-19. N. Engl. J. Med. 2020, 383, 2302–2304.
  87. United Nation Women. COVID-19 and Violence against Women: What the Data Tells Us. Available online: https://www.unwomen.org/en/news-stories/feature-story/2021/11/covid-19-and-violence-against-women-what-the-data-tells-us (accessed on 25 January 2022).
  88. Lausi, G.; Pizzo, A.; Cricenti, C.; Baldi, M.; Desiderio, R.; Giannini, A.M.; Mari, E. Intimate Partner Violence during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Review of the Phenomenon from Victims’ and Help Professionals’ Perspectives. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6204.
  89. Reissman, B.D.; Watson, J.P.; Klomp, W.R.; Tanielian, L.T.; Prior, D.S. Pandemic Influenza Preparedness: Adaptive Responses to an Evolving Challenge. J. Homel. Secur. Emerg. Manag. 2006, 3, 1–28.
  90. Zhang, J.; Lu, H.; Zeng, H.; Zhang, S.; Du, Q.; Jiang, T.; Du, B. The Differential Psychological Distress of Populations Affected by the COVID-19 Pandemic. Brain Behav. Immun. 2020, 87, 49–50.
  91. Campbell, J.C. Health Consequences of Intimate Partner Violence. Lancet 2002, 359, 1331–1336.
  92. National Institute of Justice. Violence Against Women: Identifying Risk Factors, Research in Brief; National Institute of Justice: Washington, DC, USA, 2004.
  93. Jackson, H.; Philp, E.; Nuttall, R.L.; Diller, L. Traumatic Brain Injury: A Hidden Consequence for Battered Women. Prof. Psychol. Res. Pract. 2002, 33, 39–45.
  94. Walker, L.E.A. Battered-Woman Syndrome. In The Encyclopedia of Clinical Psychology; John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.: Hoboken, NJ, USA, 2015; pp. 1–4.
  95. Arthur, C.; Clark, R. Determinants of Domestic Violence: A Cross-National Study. Int. J. Sociol. Fam. 2009, 35, 147–167.
  96. Sediri, S.; Zgueb, Y.; Ouanes, S.; Ouali, U.; Bourgou, S.; Jomli, R.; Nacef, F. Women’s Mental Health: Acute Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Domestic Violence. Arch. Womens Ment. Health 2020, 23, 749–756.
  97. Polakovic, G. Pandemic Drives Alcohol Sales—and Raises Concerns about Substance Abuse. Available online: https://news.usc.edu/168549/covid-19-alcohol-sales-abuse-stress-relapse-usc-experts/ (accessed on 20 November 2021).
  98. Henson, S. Survey Shows Drug & Alcohol Use Increase During COVID-19 Pandemic. Available online: https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/drug-addiction/news/drug-alcohol-use-rising-during-covid/ (accessed on 15 November 2021).
  99. Field, A.C.; Caetano, R.; Nelson, S. Alcohol and Violence Related Cognitive Risk Factors Associated with the Perpetration of Intimate Partner Violence. J. Fam. Violence 2004, 19, 249–253.
  100. Schneider, D.; Harknett, K.; McLanahan, S. Intimate Partner Violence in the Great Recession. Demography 2016, 53, 471–505.
  101. Bradbury, J.C.; Isham, L. The Pandemic Paradox: The Consequences of COVID-19 on Domestic Violence. J. Clin. Nurs. 2020, 29, 2047–2049.
  102. UNISEF GBViE Helpdesk. Emergency Reponses to Public Health Outbreaks. Available online: https://www.sddirect.org.uk/media/1617/health-responses-and-gbv-short-query-v2.pdf (accessed on 19 November 2021).
  103. Bates, L.; Hoeger, K.; Stoneman, J.M.; Whitaker, A. Domestic Homicides and Suspected Victim Suicides During the COVID-19 Pandemic 2020–2021; Home Office: London, UK, 2021.
  104. Fuller, R. Domestic Violence: Characteristics of Abusers and Victims; New York Behavioral Health: New York, NY, USA, 2015.
  105. Thompson, M.P.; Simon, T.R.; Saltzman, L.E.; Mercy, J.A. Epidemiology of Injuries among Women after Physical Assaults: The Role of Self-Protective Behaviors. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1999, 150, 235–244.
  106. Fielding, S. In Quarantine with an Abuser: Surge in Domestic Violence Reports Linked to Coronavirus. The Guardian, 3 April 2020.
  107. Stroshine, S.M.; Robinson, A. The Decision to End Abusive Relationships: The Role of Offender Characteristics. J. Crim. Justice Behav. 2003, 30, 97–117.
  108. Gearin, M.; Knight, B. Family Violence Prepetrators Using COVID-19 as “a Form of Abise We Have Not Experienced Before”. ABC News, 28 March 2020.
  109. Van Gelder, N.; Peterman, A.; Potts, A.; O’Donnell, M.; Thompson, K.; Shah, N.; Oertelt-Prigione, S. COVID-19: Reducing the Risk of Infection Might Increase the Risk of Intimate Partner Violence. EClinicalMedicine 2020, 21, 100348.
  110. Astrid Burke Psychotherapy. Understanding Intimate Partner Violence Part II: Disrupting the Cycle of Abuse. Available online: https://www.astridburke.com/blog-posts/understanding-intimate-partner-violence-part-ii-disrupting-the-cycle-of-abuse (accessed on 28 November 2021).
  111. Ghani, A.M. Figure 2: The Cycle of Violence in Domestic Violence Relationship. Available online: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/The-cycle-of-violence-in-domestic-violence-relationship_fig4_334537790 (accessed on 28 November 2021).
  112. Battered Women’s Justice Project. Coercive Control during COVID-19: New Tactics. Battered Women’s Justice Project. Available online: https://www.bwjp.org/news/covid-coercive-control-wheel-combined.pdf (accessed on 15 November 2021).
  113. Di Franco, M.; Martines, G.F.; Carpinteri, G.; Trovato, G.; Catalano, D. Domestic Violence Detection amid the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Value of the WHO Questionnaire in Emergency Medicine. QJM Int. J. Med. 2021, 114, 637–641.
  114. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence . Domestic Violence and Abuse: Multi-Agency Working. Available online: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ph50 (accessed on 3 December 2021).
  115. Su, Z.; McDonnell, D.; Roth, S.; Li, Q.; Šegalo, S.; Shi, F.; Wagers, S. Mental Health Solutions for Domestic Violence Victims amid COVID-19: A Review of the Literature. Glob. Health 2021, 17, 67.
  116. Express Web Desk. Chinese City Launches Database for Couples Considering Marriage to Check If Partner Has Domestic Abuse History. Available online: https://indianexpress.com/article/world/chinese-city-launches-database-for-couples-considering-marriage-to-check-if-partner-has-domestic-abuse-history-6474157/ (accessed on 29 November 2021).
  117. McCleary-Sills, J.; Namy, S.; Nyoni, J.; Rweyemamu, D.; Salvatory, A.; Steven, E. Stigma, Shame and Women’s Limited Agency in Help-Seeking for Intimate Partner Violence. Glob. Public Health 2016, 11, 224–235.
  118. Francis, L.; Loxton, D.; James, C. The Culture of Pretence: A Hidden Barrier to Recognising, Disclosing and Ending Domestic Violence. J. Clin. Nurs. 2017, 26, 2202–2214.
  119. Maslow, A.H. A Theory of Human Motivation. Psychol. Rev. 1943, 50, 370–396.
  120. Taub, A. A New COVID-19 Crisis: Domestic Abuse Rises Worldwide. The New York Times, 6 April 2020.
  121. Townsend, M. Revealed: Surge in Domestic Violence during COVID-19 Crisis. The Observer, 12 April 2020.
  122. Thompson, A. Nation’s Largest Hotel Chain Shelters Domestic Abuse Survivors. Available online: https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/nation-s-largest-hotel-chain-shelters-domestic-abuse-survivors-20200406-p54hl5.html (accessed on 26 January 2022).
  123. Slakoff, D.C.; Aujla, W.; PenzeyMoog, E. The Role of Service Providers, Technology, and Mass Media When Home Isn’t Safe for Intimate Partner Violence Victims: Best Practices and Recommendations in the Era of COVID-19 and Beyond. Arch. Sex. Behav. 2020, 49, 2779–2788.
  124. Xiang, Y.-T.; Ng, C.H.; Yu, X.; Wang, G. Rethinking Progress and Challenges of Mental Health Care in China. World Psychiatry 2018, 17, 231–232.
  125. Hu, X.; Rohrbaugh, R.; Deng, Q.; He, Q.; Munger, K.F.; Liu, Z. Expanding the Mental Health Workforce in China: Narrowing the Mental Health Service Gap. Psychiatr. Serv. 2017, 68, 987–989.
  126. Xu, X.; Li, X.-M.; Xu, D.; Wang, W. Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing in China: Past, Present and Future. Arch. Psychiatr. Nurs. 2017, 31, 470–476.
  127. Caron, C. ‘Nobody Has Openings’: Mental Health Providers Struggle to Meet Demand. The New York Times, 17 February 2021.
  128. Emezue, C.; Bloom, T.L. PROTOCOL: Technology-Based and Digital Interventions for Intimate Partner Violence: A Meta-Analysis and Systematic Review. Campbell Syst. Rev. 2021, 17, e1132.
  129. Ford-Gilboe, M.; Varcoe, C.; Scott-Storey, K.; Perrin, N.; Wuest, J.; Wathen, C.N.; Case, J.; Glass, N. Longitudinal Impacts of an Online Safety and Health Intervention for Women Experiencing Intimate Partner Violence: Randomized Controlled Trial. BMC Public Health 2020, 20, 260.
  130. Cohen, J.A.; Mannarino, A.P.; Jankowski, K.; Rosenberg, S.; Kodya, S.; Wolford, G.L. A Randomized Implementation Study of Trauma-Focused Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Adjudicated Teens in Residential Treatment Facilities. Child Maltreat 2016, 21, 156–167.
  131. United Nations Population Fund . Silent Solutions Available to Quarantined Survivors of Domestic Violence. Available online: https://www.unfpa.org/news/silent-solutions-available-quarantined-survivors-domestic-violence (accessed on 11 December 2021).
  132. United Nations. UN Supporting ‘Trapped’ Domestic Violence Victims during COVID-19 Pandemic. Available online: https://www.un.org/en/coronavirus/un-supporting-%E2%80%98trapped%E2%80%99-domestic-violence-victims-during-covid-19-pandemic (accessed on 12 December 2021).
  133. Elks, S.; Davies, S. Coronavirus Codewords: Help or Hindrance in Domestic Abuse? Reuters, 15 April 2020.
  134. Hallsworth, M. Rethinking Public Health Using Behavioural Science. Nat. Hum. Behav. 2017, 1, 612.
  135. EuroMed Rights. COVID-19 and the Increase in Domestic Violence against Women. Cases of Jordan, Italy, Morocco and Tunisia. EuroMed Rights. Available online: https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Domestic-violence-amid-COVID19-EuroMed-Rights.pdf (accessed on 20 November 2021).
  136. Nguyen-Feng, V.N.; Romano, F.N.; Frazier, P. Emotional Abuse Moderates Efficacy of an Ecological Momentary Stress Management Intervention for College Students. J. Couns. Psychol. 2019, 66, 461–472.
  137. Medecins Sans Frontieres Doctors Without Borders. Discover How We Respond to Emergencies and Manage Our Global Network. Available online: https://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/who-we-are/how-we-work (accessed on 15 November 2021).
  138. Su, Z.; McDonnell, D.; Ahmad, J. The Need for a Disaster Readiness Mindset: A Key Lesson from the Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Pandemic. Infect. Control. Hosp. Epidemiol. 2021, 1–2.
  139. World Health Organization . The Rrise and Rise of Interpersonal Violence—An Unintended Impact of the COVID-19 Response on Families. Available online: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/Life-stages/pages/news/news/2020/6/the-rise-and-rise-of-interpersonal-violence-an-unintended-impact-of-the-covid-19-response-on-families (accessed on 9 December 2021).
  140. Ertan, D.; El-Hage, W.; Thierrée, S.; Javelot, H.; Hingray, C. COVID-19: Urgency for Distancing from Domestic Violence. Eur. J. Psychotraumatol. 2020, 11, 1800245.
  141. Leidner, R. Fast Food, Fast Talk: Service Work and the Routinization of Everyday Life; University of California Press: Berkeley, CA, USA, 1993.
  142. SafeLives. SafeLives Position Paper on the use of a Code Word (ANN - Action Needed Now) for Domestic Abuse Victims During COVID-19. Available online: https://safelives.org.uk/sites/default/files/resources/Domestic%20Abuse%20Code%20Word%20during%20Covid%2019%20-%20SafeLives%20position%20paper%20summary.pdf (accessed on 2 December 2021).
  143. Dutch News. Ministry Introduces Code Word “Masker 19” for Domestic Abuse. Available online: https://www.dutchnews.nl/news/2020/05/ministry-introduces-code-word-masker-19-for-domestic-abuse/ (accessed on 23 January 2022).
  144. UK Government. Domestic abuse: How to Get Help. Available online: https://www.gov.uk/guidance/domestic-abuse-how-to-get-help (accessed on 9 December 2021).
  145. Goodkind, J.R.; Sullivan, C.M.; Bybee, D.I. A Contextual Analysis of Battered Women’s Safety Planning. Violence Against Women 2004, 10, 514–533.
  146. Victim Connect Resource Center. Address Confidentiality. Available online: https://victimconnect.org/learn/address-confidentiality/ (accessed on 23 January 2022).
More
Video Production Service