A 4.0-based soft transducer for vitals telemonitoring: Comparison
Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Conner Chen and Version 1 by Luigi Duraccio.

This work addresses the design, development and implementation of a 4.0-based wearable soft transducer for patient-centered, vitals telemonitoring. In particular, first, the soft transducer measures hypertension-related vitals (heart rate, oxygen saturation and systolic/diastolic pressure), and sends the data to a remote database (which can be easily consulted both by the patient and the physician). In addition to this, a dedicated deep learning algorithm, based on a Long-Short-Term-Memory Autoencoder, was designed, implemented and tested for providing an alert when the patient's vitals exceed certain thresholds, which are automatically personalized for the specific patient. Furthermore, a mobile application (EcO2u) was developed to manage the entire data flow and facilitate the data fruition; this application also implements an innovative face-detection algorithm that ensures the identity of the patient. The robustness of the proposed soft transducer was validated experimentally on five individuals, who used the system for 30 days. Experimental results demonstrated an accuracy in anomaly detection greater than 93 %, with a true positive rate of more than 94 %.

  • wearable systems
  • wearable sensors
  • deep learning
  • LSTM
  • machine learning
  • remote health monitoring
  • vital sign monitoring
  • telemonitoring
  • health 4.0
Figure 1 shows the schematization of the wearable sensing platform as implemented in this work.
Figure 1. Implementation of the proposed telemonitoring system.
Heart rate (HR), oxygen saturation (SpO2) and systolic and diastolic pressure (SP, DP) were considered as vitals-to-be-monitored. To this aim, for the monitoring task, the MAX30100, a low-cost SpO2 and HR monitor sensor, was used [34][1].
In order to retrieve the diastolic and sistolic pressure values, the patient is also required to measure their blood pressure through a sphygmomanometer. As detailed in the following section, it is used only once for calibrating the sensor for the successive automated evaluation of the blood pressure starting from HR values.
The wearable sensing platform also includes a low-cost microcontroller with integrated Wi-Fi and dual-mode Bluetooth, namely the ESP32 [35][2], allowing the wireless transmission of the measured patient data.
The vital monitoring and real-time anomaly detection is carried out by means of the developed AI-based algorithm. First, a Multivariate Linear Regression (MLR) algorithm is used to estimate the value of SP and DP, starting from the HR and SpO2 values coming from the MAX30100 and taking into account the age and the presence of diabetes for each patient. Then, an LSTM Autoencoder is implemented to process the entire set of obtained data (HR, SpO2, SP, DP).
Once the measured data are classified, the result is sent in real-time to the mobile application (available to the user and to the physician). In the case of hypertension risk, an alert is also sent to the physician to allow their prompt intervention.
The mobile application (which was called Eco2u) was developed in Java, and it is compatible with Android (from version 4.4 onward). The application is structured in six levels.
  • Patient registration
  • Vitals measurement
  • Management of the patient’s Medical History
  • Remote Vitals Visualization
  • AI processing
  • Delivery of the Score result

References

  1. MAX30100 Technical Specification. Available online: https://www.maximintegrated.com/en/products/sensors/MAX30100.html?utm_source=google&utm_campaign=corp-sensors&s_kwcid=AL!8732!3!517495051369!b!!g!!&gclid=CjwKCAjwzt6LBhBeEiwAbPGOgU6XlnaLwAiRQZfmrDWlxDbKuBd9_edSl_jfpszGaTb4nB7qWRj94RoCXpIQAvD_BwE (accessed on 12 November 2021).
  2. ESP32 Technical Specification. Available online: https://www.espressif.com/en/products/socs/esp32 (accessed on 12 November 2021).
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