MicroRNA and cDNA-Microarray against Abiotic Stress Response: Comparison
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Please note this is a comparison between Version 2 by Jessie Wu and Version 1 by Tariq Pervaiz.

The miRNAs and cDNA-microarrays are powerful tools to enhance abiotic stress tolerance in plants through multiple advanced sequencing and bioinformatics techniques, including miRNA-regulated network, miRNA target prediction, miRNA identification, expression profile, features (disease or stress, biomarkers) association, tools based on machine learning algorithms, NGS, and tools specific for plants. Such technologies were established to identify miRNA and their target gene network prediction, emphasizing current achievements, impediments, and future perspectives.

  • salinity stress
  • cold stress
  • miRNAs

1. miRNAs and cDNA-Microarray Associated with Cold Stress

Cold stress (frost and chilling) decreases crop yields worldwide through tissue degradation and delayed growth. Most temperate plants have evolved cold resistance through cold-acclimatization [112][1]. Signaling pathways were being used in response to winter stress. The functional genes transform reactions, and reposts suggest that the signaling pathways for leaf senescence and plant defense responses may overlap [113][2]. The most characteristic region of cold-stress responsive genes includes transcription factors, such as CBF/DREB and stress-inducible candidate genes, identified as KIN (cold-induced), COR (cold-regulated), and LTI genes (induced by low temperature) or RD (dehydration) [114][3]. Several HSPs (heat shock proteins) are also reported for their functions against cold stress. HSPs, which perform as molecular chaperons, play an important regulatory function in protecting from stress by restoring normal protein conformation and thus maintaining cellular homeostasis in plants [115][4]. The number of the miRNA target genes in expression is intricate during stress and plant growth. These miRNAs are co-regulated by both developmental signals and ecological factors (Table 3). The cold-responsive miRNAs were detected by microarray analysis in Arabidopsis thaliana (miR165, miR31, miR156, miR168, miR171, miR396) and recommended by identifying their expression patterns in their promoter sequences and evaluating the cis-components (Table 3, Figure 1) [116,117][5][6]. Furthermore, high-intensity light (HL) responsive genes were assessed with the drought-inducible genes reported with a similar microarray system, which exposed an impenetrable intersection between drought and HL-induced genes. Moreover, 10 genes were identified as being involved in the regulation by HL, drought, salinity, and cold stress (Table 1 and Table 2). These genes are comprised of ERD10, RD29A, KIN1, LEA14, COR15a, and ERD7, and most of them are considered to be concerned in the defense of cellular components [78,118,119][7][8][9]. Along with the HL-inducible genes, some are also identified and encouraged by other stresses (heat, drought, and cold), including AtGolS, LEA, RAB, RD, COR, ERD, HSP, KIN, lipid-transfer proteins, and fibrillins [76,120,121][10][11][12].
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Figure 1. Schematic summary of miRNA-mediated regulatory mechanisms under abiotic stress in plant cells, with the particular formation process of miRNAs and miRNA mediated gene regulation: (1) miRNA gene is transcribed to a long sequence of primary miRNA (pri-miRNA). Primary miRNAs (pri-miRNAs) are transcribed from nuclear-encoded MIR genes by RNA polymerase II (Pol II), leading to precursor transcripts with a characteristic hairpin structure. (2) The pri-miRNA is cleaved to a stem-loop intermediate called miRNA precursor or pre-miRNA.
Table 1. Examples of miRNAs identified in model plants under drought, cold and salinity stresses.
Stress Condition Plant Species Inducible Genes Known Responsive miRNAs Functions References
Drought stress Arabidopsis thaliana Rd29A (At5g52310)

CCAAT-binding

transcription factors miR164, miR169, miR389, miR393, miR396, miR397,

miR402		 Pathogen immune response

Drought tolerance

Oxidative stress tolerance

Pathogen immunity response

Syncytium formation response to parasitic nematodes		 [16,17,18,
miR156, miR158, miR159, miR397, miR398, miR482.2, miR530a, miR1445
Drought tolerance


Pathogen immune response
[
18][15]
Table 2. Microarray analysis of genes involved in the drought, salinity and cold stress responses in Arabidopsis.
Phenotype of Mutants Genes Function AGI Code Coded Proteins Microarrays  
miRNAs regulated by drought stress, salinity stress, and cold stress in plants.
Stress ConditionPlant SpeciesmiRNAKey FunctionsResponse
19][13
References
Increased tolerance to

drought		 AtPARP2] DNA repair At2g31320

Salt/drought/cold/oxidative

osmotic-stress responses

[ Phosphate-deficiency responsePoly (ADPribose) polymeraseUp-regulated[20]14][44][15][45[16]
24K

Affymetrix ][46][47][32,[33,3034]][31][32] Medicago truncatula CCAAT Binding Factor (CBF)

miR398b,c

miR2111u,v

miR5274b

miR1510a-3p, 5p

miR1510a		Growth Regulating Factor (GRF)

Cu/Zn superoxide dismutases (CSD1, CSD2)

TIR-NBS-LRR domain protein Heat stress tolerance

Drought responsive

miR169,

miR396

miR398,

miR2118		 Oxidative-stress tolerance

Drought tolerance

Syncytium formation response to parasitic nematodes

Oxidative stress tolerance

Photoperiod-sensitive male sterility		 [16Drought tolerance

Heat stress tolerance
Hypersensitive to

drought stress		 AHK1/

ATHK1triggering phasiRNA production from numerous NB-LRRs,20][13][17]
positive regulator of drought and salt stress responses At2g17820 Histidine kinase Down-regulated[44]22K Agilent [46][47][32,35,36][30][33][34] Oryza sativa SalT (LOC_Os01g24710)

TIR1

OsLEA3 (LOC_Os05g46480)		 miR393

miR402		 Salt/cold tolerance [6,[17,1818,21]][14][15][19]
22K Agilent [33,37,38][31][35][36]
Glycine maxmiR5554a-cDrought responsive[46] Cold stress[ Increased tolerance to

salt stress		16,17 AtbZIP60][13][14]
encodes a predicted protein of 295 aa At1g42990 bZIP TF
Salinity stressGlycine maxmiR169d

miR395a

miR395b,c

miR1510a-5p

miR1520d,e,l,n,q		 Oryza Sativa OsWRKY71 (LOC_Os02g08440)

OsMAPK2(LOC_Os03g17700)

Os05g47550, Os03g42280

Os01g73250, Os12g16350

Os03g19380		 miR319, miR389, miR393,

miR1320, miR1435

miR1884b, CHY1

CP12-2		 Drought/salt tolerance

Cold tolerance



Heat stress tolerance		 [22,29,30
Increased tolerance

to drought stress		 AREB1/

ABF2 regulate the ABRE-dependent expression At1g45249 bZIP TF Arabidopsis thaliana Rd29A (At5g52310)

CBF3 (At4g25480) miR165, miR172, miR169,

miR396, miR397, miR402 Drought/cold tolerance

Drought tolerance

Sulfate-deficiency response44K Agilent

triggering phasiRNA production from numerous NB-LRRs		Up-regulated[20][48][49][37,39][35][37] Pathogen immunity response
Increased tolerance to

drought stress
gma-miR159b,c

gma-miR169b,c 		AtMYB60[17,[21

regulates stomatal movements and plant drought tolerance		,1422,23 gma-miR1520cPathogen immune response

Drought/Salt toleranceAt1g08810		]
[63]. The most imperative cations in saline soils are calcium, potassium, magnesium, and sodium, and the main anions in saline soils are chloride, bicarbonate, sulfate, nitrate, and carbonates. Other electrolytes causative to salinity are borane, molybdenum, strontium, silicon dioxide, aluminum cation, and barium ion [135,136][64][65]. Higher concentrations of sodium chloride (NaCl) typically affect plant development, metabolism, and physiology at various metabolic phases (ion toxicity, nutrient imbalance, and oxidative stress) [70,137][60][66]. Despite such advances in scientific research, it remains unclear about the underlying molecular mechanism of salinity responses in plants. However, based on the combination of microarray and inhibition subtractive hybridization (SSH), changes in the transcriptome profile caused by salt induction were studied and evaluated [138][67]. Investigation of complete transcriptomics suggests that these processes, such as the synthesis of osmolytes and ion carriers and the regulation of transcription and translation mechanisms, have distinctive reactions under salinity stress. In particular, the introduction of transcripts of specific TFs, ribosomal genes, RNA-binding proteins, and translation initiation and elongation factors has been testified [139,140][68][69].
Using cDNA microarray in Synechocystis, 19 genes were reported to be instantaneously regulated under salinity stress. The salt- and osmo-regulated genes, and some putative sensor molecules, have been implicated during salinity stress signaling [35][33]. Several differentially regulated miRNAs have been reported against salinity stress. In A. thaliana, several microRNAs are regulated against salinity stress, such as miR156, miR158, miR159, miR165, miR167, miR168, miR169, miR171, miR319, miR393, miR394, miR396, and miR397 (Table 3, Figure 2) [84][70]. In Populus trichocarpa, miR1445, miR1447, miR1446a-e, miR530a, and miR171l-n were down-regulated (Table 3) [141][71]. Arenas-Huertero et al. [31][29] reported, in Proteus vulgaris, the production of miRS1 and miR159.2 expression in response to salinity. Furthermore, miR169g and family members of miR169n were induced in saline-rich conditions [142][72]. However, there is a need to discover and annotate novel functional genes which have a probable function against salinity stress. Subsequently, a large number of genes in plants still have unknown functions [143][73]. Recent studies revealed that specific down-regulation of the bacterial-type phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) gene Atppc4 by artificial microRNA enhanced the salinity tolerance in A. thaliana. The increased salinity tolerance might be linked to enhanced PEPC activity [10,144][74][75]. Transcript control for salinity-tolerant rice with microarrays, like 1728 cDNAs from salinity-stressed roots libraries, was studied in response to high salinity (Table 3) [144,145,146][75][76][77].
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Figure 2. Summary of commonly used (A) microarrays (cDNA, Affymetrix, and Agilent) to stress and (B) miRNAs, categorized based on the stress, that respond to drought stress, salinity and temperature stress and (C) miRNAs reported in (D) plant species: Populus trichocarpa, Medicago truncatula, Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Zea mays and Glycine max.
Table 3. miRNAs regulated by drought stress, salinity stress, and cold stress in plants.
Stress ConditionPlant SpeciesmiRNAKey FunctionsResponseReferences
Drought stressMedicago truncatulamiR398a,b

miR408

miR399k

miR2089

miR2111a-f,h-s

miR2111g

miR4414a		Oxidative stress tolerance

Salt/drought/cold/oxidative

osmotic-stress responses

Phosphate-deficiency response		Up-regulated[
Pathogen immune response


Drought/Salt toleranceDown-regulated[82]
Phaseolus vulgarispvu-miR159.2Plant–nematode interaction[31]
Cold stressPhaseolus vulgarispvu-miR2118regulate the expression of genes encoding the TIR-NBS-LRR resistance proteinUp-regulated
 
A tiling path microarray was used to examine the high-throughput expression profiling patterns under various environmental stresses for all of the known miRNAs [16,70][13][60] (Table 1 and Table 4). The analysis revealed that the effects of miRNAs under low-temperature, drought, and high salinity with miRNA chips represent, approximately, all of the reported miRNAs cloned or recognized in A. thaliana (L.). High salinity stress agitates homeostasis in water potential. Extreme changes in water homeostasis and ions lead to molecular breakdown, stunted growth, and even the death of cells or whole plants [16,147][13][44].
Table 4. Software and tools used for the detection of plant miRNA and cDNA microarray data analysis.
Software and Tools Function Website Reference Accessed
20,77,
Software and tools used for detection of plant miRNA and data analysis  78,79,80]
miR398b,c

miR2111u,v

miR5274b

miR1510a-3p, 5p

miR1510a		Heat stress tolerance

Drought responsive

Oxidative-stress tolerance

triggering phasiRNA production from numerous NB-LRRs		Down-regulated[77,79,80]
MiPred Random forest (RF)-based miRNA predictor, which can distinguish between real and pseudo-miRNA precursors http://server.malab.cn/MiPred/ [72][45] 5 November 2021 Glycine maxmiR5554a-cDrought responsive[79]
Salinity stress
miBridge Algorithm and database http://sitemaker.umich.edu/mibridge/home [148][46] 5 November 2021 Glycine maxmiR169d

miR395a

miR395b,c

miR1510a-5p

miR1520d,e,l,n,q		Drought tolerance

Sulfate-deficiency response

triggering phasiRNA production from numerous NB-LRRs		Up-regulated[20
miRTar A novel rule-based model learning method for cell line specific microRNA target prediction http://miRTar.mbc.nctu.edu.tw [72][45,81,82]
] 5 November 2021 gma-miR159b,c

gma-miR169b,c

gma-miR1520c		][ MYB TF Down-regulated[49]19][20][21]
PolymiRTS7K cDNA Linking polymorphisms in microRNAs and their target sites http://compbio.uthsc.edu/miRSNP [149][47] 25 November 2021[40][38] Salinity stress Arabidopsis thaliana Rd29A (At5g52310)
miRGator microRNA portal for deep sequencing, expression profiling and mRNA targeting

COR15A (At2g42540) miR389, miR393, Oxidative stress tolerance http://mirgator.kobic.re.kr [150][48]

Heat stress tolerance		 [24][
22]
Increased sensitivity to

drought stress		 AtMYB41 control of primary metabolism and negative regulation At4g28110 MYB TF 24K

Affymetrix		 [41,42
Phaseolus vulgaris 10 November 2021][pvu-miR159.239][Plant–nematode interaction40]
[31] Populus trichocarpa Increased tolerance toDihydropyrimidinase

miR162, miR164, miR166, miR167, miR168, miR172, miR395, miR396		 drought and salt

Pathogen immune response
Bowtie Aligns efficiently, and short-read aligners

 http://bowtie-bio.sourceforge.netDrought tolerance

Drought/cold tolerance

Sulfate-deficiency response		 stress [72[25,26,27][23][ AHK224 positive regulators for cytokinin signaling] At5g35750 Histidine kinase Agilent [35
Cold stress[25]
,36Phaseolus vulgaris][33][34]
pvu-miR2118regulate the expression of genes encoding the TIR-NBS-LRR resistance proteinUp-regulated][45] 5 November 2021 Glycine max   miR1507a, miR395 Increased tolerance to

Sulfate-deficiency response		 drought and salt

stress		[28 AHK3
miRBase] Provides handy and useful ID conversion toolsperception of cytokinin, downstream signal transduction[ At1g2732026]
http://www.mirbase.org/Histidine kinase [7222K Agilent ][45][35,36][33][34] 25 November 2021 Oryza sativa SalT (LOC_Os01g24710)

OsLEA3 (LOC_Os05g46480),
Increased tolerance to

drought and freezing

stress		31][ DREB1A/

CBF320 stress-inducible transcription factor] ERF/AP2 TF ERF/AP2 TF 1.3K cDNA [43][41]
miRDB miRNA target databases http://www.mirdb.org [151][49] 25 November 2021 Increased tolerance to

drought stress		 DREB2A heat shock-stress responses. At5g05410 ERF/AP2 TF
mirDIP Integrative database of microRNA target predictions http://ophid.utoronto.ca/mirDIP [152][78]22K Agilent

7K cDNA		 25 November 2021[44][42]
Hypersensitive to

salt		 HOS10 coordinating factor for responses to abiotic stress and for growth and development.43]
Increased tolerance to

drought stress		 ZFHD1 mediates all the protein-protein interactions At1g69600 Zinc finger HD

TF		 22K Agilent [
Drought stressMedicago truncatulamiR398a,b

miR408

miR399k

miR2089

miR2111a-f,h-s

miR2111g

miR4414a
[
27
]
[
28
]
[29]
Oxidative stress tolerance Zea mays   miR402 Seed germination and seedling growth of Arabidopsis under stress
At1g35515 MYB TF 24K

Affymetrix [32,45][30][
36,39][34][37]
 
Table 3.
DNA microarrays almost in all genes of the unicellular Synechocystis sp PCC6803 were used to investigate the gene expression sequential software [122][50]. A cDNA-microarray was used to test the profile expression in cold stress, and 328 temperature-regulated transcripts were reported. OsMYB3R-2 was studied further and was shown to be a dominant regulator against stress [123][51]. In this study, there was an attempt to use a 3.1K cDNA-microarray to express the cold-regulated transcripts in the Capsicum annuum. Several TFs, including the EREBP (CaEREBP-C1 to C4) family of four genes, a protein of the ring domain, a bZIP protein (CaBZ1), RVA1, a WRKY (CaWRKY1), and HSF1 protein have been observed among the cold stress-regulated genes. These genes included CaBZ1, CaEREBP-C3, NtPRp27, the SAR8.2 protein precursor, putative trans-activator factor, malate hydrogenase, putative protein of auxin-repressed, xyloglu-canendo-1, 4-D-gucanase precursor, LEA protein 5 (LEA5), homologous DNAJ protein, PR10 and Stns LTP [124,125][52][53]. cDNA microarray z1300 full-length cDNAs were used in Arabidopsis to identify cold stress-inducing genes and target genes of DREB1A/CBF3. Six genes were documented based on microarray and, in RNA gel blot analyses, it was observed that a novel DREB1A controls cold- and drought-inducible genes [43,126][41][54]. Furthermore, microarray with full-length cDNA was performed by 1300 full-length cDNAs and cDNA microarray to discover cold-induced genes. Previous reposts exhibited the target genes of DREB1A/CBF3 and stress-inducible gene expressions were controlled by transcription factors [76][10]; in contrast, stress-sensitive genes’ expressions were reported as specific to the growth stage [42][40]. Full-length cDNA microarray is convenient for analyzing the Arabidopsis gene expression patterns under cold stress, and can also be used to identify the functional genes of stress-related TFs that are likely to act as DNA elements by merging the genomic sequence data with the expression data [76,127][10][55]. Additionally, cold stress is also induced by the increase in the proline content in plants (osmoprotectant). Microarray and RNA gel blot research found that the proline can induce the expression of several genes with the proline-responsive elements in their promoters (PRE, ACTCAT) [120,127,128][11][55][56]. Microarray analysis was carried out to detect the cold-inducible AP2 gene family transcription factor RAV1 [129][57], which could control plant growth under stress. RAV1 is down-regulated by epibrassinolide, and transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing RAV1 exhibits a rosette leaf and adjacent root growth retardation, although the early-flowering phenotype showed antisense to RAV1 plants [130,131][58][59].

2. miRNAs and cDNA-Microarray Response to Salinity Stress

Salt intrusion from saline soils and irrigation water is one of the most severe and harmful risks to reduce agricultural production and adverse effects on cultivated land and the geographical distribution of plant species [70[60][61][62],132,133], coupled with oxidative stress [134]
miRanda
Predict or collect miRNA targets
http://34.236.212.39/microrna/home.do
[
72
]
[
45] 25 November 2021
RNAhybrid microRNA target prediction https://bibiserv.cebitec.uni-bielefeld.de/rnahybrid [72][45] 8 November 2021
miTALOS Analyzes tissue specific microRNA function. http://mips.helmholtz-muenchen.de/mitalos [153][79] 5 November 2021
RNA22 microRNA target predictions https://cm.jefferson.edu/rna22 [154][80] 5 November 2021
psRNATarget Small RNA target analysis server http://plantgrn.noble.org/psRNATarget/ [155][81] 5 November 2021
miRandola Curated knowledge base of non-invasive biomarkers http://mirandola.iit.cnr.it/ [155][81] 5 November 2021
ChIPBase Decoding transcriptional regulatory networks of non-coding RNAs and protein-coding genes from ChIP-seq data http://rna.sysu.edu.cn/chipbase/ [155,156][81][82] 1 October 2021
MirGeneDB Curated miRNA gene database http://mirgenedb.org/ [157][83] 28 November 2021
TarHunter Predicting conserved microRNA targets and target mimics in plants http://tarhunter.genetics.ac.cn [158][84] 28 November 2021
TissueAtlas Tissue specificity miRNA database https://ccb-web.cs.uni-saarland.de/tissueatlas/ [72][45] 28 November 2021
miRNAme Converter miRNA ID converter http://163.172.134.150/miRNAmeConverter-shiny [159][85] 28 November 2021
Software and tools used for detection of plant microarray and data analysis  
Array Designer Design primers and probes for oligo and cDNA expression microarrays. http://www.premierbiosoft.com/dnamicroarray/index.html [160][86] 1 November 2021
Stanford Microarray Database SMD Stores raw and normalized data from microarray experiments http://smd-www.stanford.edu//download/ [161][87] 1 November 2021
eArray Designing Agilent arrays http://earray.chem.agilent.com/earray/login.do [160][86] 1 November 2021
Significance Analysis of Microarrays Adjustments for multiple testing, statistical analysis for discrete, quantitative, and time series data, gene set enrichment analysis http://www-stat.stanford.edu/~tibs/SAM/ [162][88] 5 November 2021
Visual OMP Design software for RNA, DNA, single or multiple probe design, microarrays, Taq Manassays, genotyping, single and multiplex PCR, secondary structure simulation, sequencing, genotyping. http://www.dnasoftware.com/Products/VisualOMP [160][86] 5 November 2021
caArray Open-source, web and programmatically accessible microarray data management system that supports the annotation of microarray http://caarray.nci.nih.gov/   5 November 2021
Gene Expression Model Selector Diagnostic models and biomarker discovery http://www.gems-system.org/ [163][89] 18 November 2021
Gene index Gene Index Project is to use the available EST and gene sequences, along with the reference genomes, to provide an inventory of likely genes and variants. http://compbio.dfci.harvard.edu/tgi/plant.html [160][86] 5 November 2021
Genesis Java package of tools to simultaneously visualize and analyze a whole set of gene expression experiments http://genome.tugraz.at/genesisclient/genesisclient_description.shtml   18 November 2021
RMA Express Standalone GUI program for Windows, OS X and Linux to compute gene expression summary values for Affymetrix http://rmaexpress.bmbolstad.com

http://www.r-project.org

http://www.bioconductor.org   18 November 2021
dCHIP Model-based expression analysis for Affymetrix gene expression arrays http://www.dchip.org [164][90] 18 November 2021
TM4 Microarray Data Manager (MADAM), TIGR Spotfinder, Microarray Data Analysis System (MIDAS), and Multi experiment Viewer (MeV) http://www.tm4.org/ [164][90] 18 November 2021
Able Image Analyser Software for image analysis. It enables dimensional measurements: distance, area, angle in digital images http://able.mulabs.com [160][86] 18 November 2021
ImaGene Unique, robust, room-temperature preservation solutions for nucleic acids, biospecimens and bioreagents for in the living ectors http://www.biodiscovery.com/index/imagene [160][86] 13 November 2021
Spotfinder Custom-designed cDNA array, the chips are scanned using a microarray scanner http://www.tm4.org/spotfinder.html [164][90] 18 November 2021
SNOMAD Web-based tool and has various normalization options for two-channel and single-channel experiments http://pevsnerlab.kennedykrieger.org/snomadinput.html [164][90] 18 November 2021
Multiexperimet Viewer Cloud-based application supporting analysis, visualization, and stratification of large genomic data http://www.tm4.org/mev.html   18 November 2021
Onto-Express and Pathway-Express Automatically translates DE gene transcripts from microarray experiments into functional profiles characterizing the impact of the condition studied http://vortex.cs.wayne.edu/projects.htm [164][90] 13 November 2021
DAVID/EASE Database for annotation, visualization and integrated discovery (DAVID) is an online tool for annotation and functional analysis. Expression analysis systematic sxplorer (EASE) http://david.abcc.ncifcrf.gov [164][90] 13 November 2021
Oligo-DNA microarrays were developed in common wheat, and these microarrays were designed to include approximately 32,000 distinctive genes characterized by several expressed sequence tags (ESTs). To classify the salinity-stress responsive genes, the expression profiles of transcripts that responded to stress were examined using microarrays. It was concluded that 5996 genes were verified by more than a 2-fold change in expression. These genes were categorized into twelve groups based on gene expression patterns [165][91]. Transcription-regulator activity, DNA binding, and the genes’ assigned transcription factor functions were preferentially classified as immediate response genes. In wheat, candidate genes were identified as involved in salinity-stress tolerance [165,166][91][92]. These genes are active in the regulation of transcription [112,143][1][73] and the signal transduction that is engaged in metabolic pathways [167][93] or acting as ion transporters [168][94]. cDNA library in yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was examined using a synthetic medium augmented with excessive salt concentrations (900 mM). A few clones showed comparatively improved growth. The notorious clones bore the Guanyl transferase (OsMPG1) mannose-1-phosphate gene [133][62]. Extreme salinity stress was significantly linked with the transcription factors of four tomato genes from the family of zinc finger. There has been prior evidence of the relationship between zinc finger transcription factors and plant salinity tolerance [169,170][95][96]. Overexpression of OSISAP1 in transgenic tobacco resulted in tolerance to salinity, dehydration, and cold stress in the new sprouts [171][97].
A microarray containing 384 genes associated with stress responses was used in Medicago truncatula genotypes (Jemalong A17 and 108-R) to compare rooting gene expression during salt stress. The homolog of flora TFIIIA-related TF, MtZpt2-1, and COLD-REGULATEDA1 genes were known to regulate the previous genes and were acknowledged in Jemalong A17 stress-tolerant genotypes. Two MtZpt2 Transcription factors (MtZpt2-1 and MtZpt2-2) have shown increased expression in the roots compared to 108-R [172][98]. Salinity stress is attributed to diverse stresses that persuade overlapping patterns in gene expression. For example, in an investigation of 8100 A. thaliana genes, approximately 2400 genes were reported to have a widespread expression in exposure to salt, oxidative and cold stress [92][99]. In addition, 23 genes were reported against NaCl stress. This also accounted for a small percentage of DEGs, including encoding transcription factors WOX2 and BZIP3, calcium-binding protein CML42, ubiquitin-protein ligase UBC17, and IDA-like 5 protein [92][99]. Most prominently, synthesized isiA encoded a novel chlorophyll (Chl)-binding protein [173][100] (Table 3).

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