Gp51 antigen of bovine leukemia virus |
Magnetic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs)/the native (anti-gp51) and fragmented anti-gp51 antibody (Ab) |
Homogenous SERS-based sandwich immunoassay |
Gold nanorods modified with 5-thio-nitrobenzoic acid (DTNB) and specific anti-gp51 Ab |
0.95 μg/mL |
Milk |
Oriented and random Ab immobilization, application of two kinds of nanoparticles |
2013,
[175][13] |
Escherichia coli (E. coli) |
Gold-coated magnetic spherical nanoparticles/polyclonal antibody (pAb) |
Homogenous SERS-based sandwich immunoassay |
Rod shaped AuNPs modified with DTNB, avidin, and biotin-labeled Ab |
8 cfu/mL |
Real water samples |
Two kinds of AuNPs |
2011,
[153][14] |
E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) |
Magnetic beads (400 nm)/anti-E. coli2, anti-S. aureus2 monoclonal antibody (mAb) |
Homogenous SERS-based sandwich immunoassay |
Poly-l-lysine-coated triple-bond-coded AuNPs modified with 4-cyanobenzenethiol (MBN) |
10 and 25 cfu/mL |
Bottled water and milk |
Simultaneous detection with “hot spot” effect resulting in a significant enhancement of the Raman signal at 2105 and 2227 cm−1 |
2020,
[152][15] |
Human immunoglobulin (hIgG) |
100 nm thick gold film evaporated on microscope slide or silicon wafer/goat anti-human IgG Ab |
SERS immunoassay of human immunoglobulin |
60 nm gold nanoparticles modified with 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NBT) and anti-human IgG Ab |
3 pM on silicon and 28 pM on gold |
Standard solution |
Comparison of Si wafer and tradition gold surface |
2020,
[154][16] |
Human IgG, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) |
2D arrays of Au (42 nm-core)@Ag (4.5 nm-shell) NPs on ITO substrate/polyclonal anti H-IgG, PSA mAb |
Heterogenous SERS-based sandwich immunoassay |
SH-PEG-COOH-coated AuNPs modified with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid (MBA) and anti H-IgG or PSA mAb |
0.3 pg/mL (10 fM) for PSA and 0.05 pg/mL (0.3 fM) for H-IgG |
Standard solution |
Comparison of the size of AuNPs in SERS nanotag (26, 53, 110 nm) |
2017,
[155][17] |
Escherichia coli (E. coli) |
Spherical gold coated magnetic nanoparticles/pAb |
Homogenous SERS-based sandwich immunoassay |
Gold nanorods labeled
with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme and also modified with 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate (BCIP) and E. coli Ab |
10 cfu mL−1 |
Standard solution |
ALP activity; BCIP was hydrolyzed to SERS-active product; 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indole (BCI) |
2018,
[166][3] |
IgM and IgG to SARS-CoV-2 |
No SERS substrate/mouse anti-human IgM and IgG capture Abs |
SERS-based LFIA |
Gap-enhanced Raman nanotags (GERTs) with 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NBT) between core and shell, modified with COVID-19 recombinant antigens (CN97) |
1 ng/mL (IgM), 0.1 ng/mL (IgG) |
Standard solution |
Simultaneous determination of IgM and IgG |
2021,
[176][18] |
IgM and IgG to SARS-CoV-2 |
No SERS substrate/anti-human IgM and anti-human IgG Abs |
SERS-based LFIA |
Ag shell on SiO2 core (SiO2@Ag) 5,5-dithiobis-(2-nitrobenzoic acid) modified with dual layers of DTNB and SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein |
1.28 × 107-fold dilution by the IUPAC standard method, which is 800 times lower than that of the visualization results |
Clinical serum samples (n = 68) |
Simultaneous determination of IgM and IgG |
2021,
[177][19] |
Ferritin (FER) |
Hydrophilic AgNPs onto the specific area of the hydrophobic polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)–hydrophilic/hydrophobic Ag/PDMS/anti-FER Ab |
SERS-based LFIA |
Raspberry-like AuNPs modified with 4-MBA and anti-FER Ab |
0.41 pg/mL |
Standard solution |
Combination of SERS substrate and SERS nanotag in LFIA format |
2020,
[178][20] |
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
Hydrophilic AgNPs with polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)/anti-CEA Ab |
SERS-based LFIA |
Flower-shaped Ag nanoplates modified with crystal violet and anti-CEA Ab |
4.92 pg/mL |
Standard solution |
Combination of SERS substrate and SERS nanotag in LFIA format |
2021,
[156][21] |
α-Fetoprotein (AFP) |
Few layers of MoS2 nanosheets exfoliated by NaK alloys/capture mAb |
SERS-based sandwich immunoassay |
Au@AgNCs and R6G–mAb complex |
0.03 pg/mL |
Human blood serum samples |
The sandwich immunocomplex “capture probe/target/SERS tag” was deposited on a silicon wafer and decorated with silver-coated gold nanocubes to increase the density of “hot spots” on the surface of the immunosensor |
2021,
[110][22] |
Human immunoglobulin (hIgG) |
AuNP array (AuA)-coated solid substrate/rabbit anti-human IgG Ab |
SERS-based sandwich immunoassay |
AuNPs modified with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP) and rabbit anti-human IgG Ab |
0.1 μg mL−1 |
Human serum samples |
The combination of a SERS substrate based on AuNP array with SERS nanotag resulted in sensitive detection |
2021,
[109][23] |
Pancreatic cancer marker MUC4 |
Immobilization of gold nanoflowers onto thiol-functionalized silicon wafer/Anti-MUC4 Ab |
SERS-based sandwich immunoassay |
Gold nanoflowers modified with 4-mercaptobenzoic acid and anti-MUC4 Ab |
0.1 ng mL−1 |
Standard solution |
Raman mapping was applied for a large substrate area to decrease a “spot-to-spot” variation of SERS signal |
2020,
[179][24] |
IgG/PSA |
No SERS substrate/anti-rabbit IgG/anti-PSA Ab |
Homogeneous enzyme-amplified SERS immunoassay |
AuNP-assembled silica NPs (SiO2@Au-RLC@Ag) with Ag shell modified with 4-aminothiophenol (4-ATP)
Polyclonal alkaline phosphatase (AP)-conjugated goat anti-rabbit IgG or AP-streptavidin-biotin-conjugated anti-PSA Ab were used as a tracer Ab to produce ascorbic acid for reduction of Ag+ to Ag |
0.09 ng/mL for IgG and 0.006 ng/mL for PSA |
Human serum samples |
Enzyme-induced Ag growth on the surface of SERS nanotag to produce the amplification of the SERS signal |
2020,
[180][25] |
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) |
Silver shell magnetic nanoparticles Fe3O4@Ag MNPs/anti-CEA monoclonal antibody |
SERRS-based sandwich immunoassay |
Silver-coated gold nanorods (Au@AgNRs) modified with diethylthiatricarbocyanineiodide (DTTC), coated with mPEG-SH and conjugated with anti-CEA antibodies |
4.75 fg/mL |
Human serum samples |
Au@AgNRs were in resonance with the resonant Raman dye DTTC at 785 nm excitation laser |
2016,
[181][26] |
Mannose-capped lipoarabinomannan (ManLAM) |
Resonance Raman-enhanced adlayer of cyanine 5 on a smooth gold surface/polyclonal rabbit antibody for Mycobacterium tuberculosis |
SERRS-based sandwich immunoassay |
AuNPs modified with 5,5′-dithiobis (succinimidyl-2-nitrobenzoate; DSNB) and MAb to ManLAM |
1.1 ng/mL |
Human serum samples |
Cy5 modified gold substrates were characterized; the SERRS performance was compared with SERS and revealed a ≈9.3 gain in sensitivity of immunoassay |
2019,
[182][27] |