Childhood Supplementation: Comparison
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The pivotal role of childhood nutrition has always roused a growing interest from the scientific community. Plant extracts play a significant role in the maintenance of human health and wellness, with the potential to modulate risk factors and manage symptoms for a large number of common childhood disorders such as memory impairment, respiratory illnesses, gastrointestinal disorders, metabolic derangements, and pathologies related to the oral cavity.

  • childhood disorders
  • plant extracts
  • childhood supplementation

1. Introduction

The use of dietary supplements worldwide has increased in the last 30 years [1]. Dietary supplements are used in the age group ranging from birth to 18 years of age, by 31% of the population, to improve overall health (41%), maintain health (37%), supplement the diet (23%), prevent health problems (20%), and “boost immunity” (14%) [2]. From data by the World Health Organization (WHO), around 80% of the adult population in developing countries uses plant extracts for their health needs [3][4][5]. Plant extracts are also used for children, although their use must be regulated by the awareness that children differ from adults in terms of physical size, body composition, and physiology. Medicinal plants can be used to treat winter problems in a preventive context, and thus to strengthen the immune system and improve the body’s adaptation to seasonal disturbances, but they can also be used as a treatment for various symptomatic connotations. It is necessary to know how to regulate the use of such supplements according to a child’s body weight to avoid reaching toxic doses [6]. In a German study, 85% of children used one or more herbal supplement products [5]. Another study reported that 16% of Japanese pediatric surgical patients use herbal supplement products [7].

About 9% of newborns, from the first month of life, have been treated with herbal supplements, in particular, for mild neonatal ailments such as flatulence, teething, or colds. The extracts used are based on chamomile, mint, echinacea, fennel, catnip, and anise [8]. The belief that natural herbal products are safe, culturally significant, cheaper than some medical treatment options, and easily accessible, are some of the reasons why these products are being used [9].

Given that the correct use of food supplements is safe, it is important to rely on a trusted pediatrician in order to verify the existence of a real need to take supplements and subsequently to assess the correct dosage and identify the presence of any contraindications (some plant extracts/supplements cannot be used in children) both in situations of simple nutritional support and in conjunction with the intake of drugs for intercurrent or chronic pathological conditions.

2. Food Supplements and Childhood Illnesses

A food supplement is a product intended to supplement the diet in particular conditions of deficiency. Children with correct and balanced eating styles rarely need supplements, except for particular cases in the first year of life or in the presence of certain disorders or diseases. During childhood, plant extracts are used to treat symptoms of upper respiratory tract infections, sleeping problems, gastrointestinal disorders, or occasional and common ailments such as cough, cold, and sore throat. Figure 2 1 summarizes common childhood pathologies and their defining features.

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Figure 21. Common childhood illnesses and their defining features. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs).

2.1. Botanical Extracts

The use of botanical extracts supporting conventional drugs is widespread for common ailments in childhood. The evidence from clinical trials for botanical extract supplementation in children has been summarized in Table 1.
Table 1. Evidence of botanical extract supplementation in children from clinical trials.
Botanical Extract Study Design Intervention Main Results Reference
Compound herbal preparation

(M. officinalis,

W. somnifera,

B. monnieri,

A. platensis, and

C. asiatica)		 Randomized controlled trial,

120 children with ADHD (mean age: 9.82 years for treatment group and 9.36 years for control group) were recruited.		 Three mL of compound herbal preparation 3 times a day in 50–60 mL water. Significant improvement of TOVA scores, attention, cognition, and impulse control in intervention group. [10]
M. officinalis and

P. decandra		 Crossover randomized triple-blinded controlled trial,

52 children with sleep bruxism with mean age of 6.62 years were selected.		 The study included 4 phases of 30-day treatment (placebo, M. officinalis 12 c, P. decandra 12c and M. officinalis 12c + P. decandra 12c) with a washout period of 15 days between treatments. Significant decrease in VAS in M. officinalis treated phase.

No improvement of results was seen in combination of M. officinalis with P. decandra.		 [11]
F. vulgare Double blind, placebo-controlled study,

125 infants with 2–12 weeks of age, diagnosed with infantile colic were selected for the trial.		 A mixture of 0.1% of F. vulgare oil emulsion and 0.4% polysorbate in water.

Five to twenty milliliters of mixture administered 4 times a day before meal at a maximum dose of 12 mL/kg/day.		 Significant recovery of the colic symptoms in F. vulgare treated group. [12]
M. chamomilla and

M. officinalis		 Multicenter, randomized controlled trial,

Children with infantile colic were recruited.		 Patients were treated with mixture of M. chamomilla, M. officinalis and tyndallized Lactobacillus acidophilus HA122 or Lactobacillus reuteri DSM 17,938 for 28 days. One hundred and seventy-six children completed the study.

The symptoms of infantile colic relieved with a significant decrease in mean daily crying in both groups.		 [13]
Herbal mixture of

M. chamomilla,

A. officinalis,

H. officinalis,

M. sylvestris,

A. capillus-veneris,

Z. jujube, and

G. glabra		 Double-blind randomized clinical trial,

46 children aged 7–12 years old diagnosed with intermittent asthma were selected.		 Children were treated with herbal mixture (5 mL three times a day) or placebo for 5 days. Significant reduction in the severity of cough and nighttime awakenings in the treatment group.

No improvement of wheezing, respiratory distress, tachypnea, peak expiratory flow rate, asthma exacerbations, outpatient visits, oral administration of prednisone or β-agonists and hospitalization.		 [14]
Boswellic acid

(B. serrata)		 Nineteen children and adolescents (mean age of 8.4 years) with progressive or relapsed brain tumors were selected for trial. Patients received boswellic acid at a maximum dose of 126 mg/kg/day for duration of 1–26 months (median 9 months). Improvement of general status of patients and neurological symptoms (parses and ataxia), increased muscular strength, regression of peritumoral edema and regression of the volume of a tumor cyst. [15]
V. officinalis and

M. officinalis		 Multicenter observational study,

918 children with restlessness and dyssomnia were recruited for the study.		 Each patient received a maximum of 2 × 2 tablets per day for 4 weeks, where each tablet contains valerian root dry extract (160 mg) and lemon balm extract (80 mg). Improvement of symptoms associated with restlessness and dyssomnia in intervention group. [16]
V. officinalis Randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial,

30 children with ADHD (age: 5–11 years) were selected.		 Patients were treated with V. officinalis mother tincture (MT) or V. officinalis 3X three times a day for 2 weeks. A significant improvement in ADHD symptoms in patients treated with V. officinalis MT or 3X in reference to sustained attention, impulsivity, hyperactivity and anxiety. [17]
Pediatric syrup Grintuss ®

(G. robusta,

H. italicum,

P. lanceolata, and honey)		 Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial,

102 children aged 3–6 years, with persistent cough for at least 7 days up to 3 weeks and not treated with any antitussive agent were recruited.		 Patients were treated with placebo (n = 51) or Grintuss ® syrup (n = 51) 4 doses/day, 5 mL each dose for 8 days. Significant improvement in daytime and night-time cough scores. [18]
Polysaccharide-resin-honey (PRH)-based cough syrup

(G. robusta, H. italicum and P. lanceolata)		 Randomized, single-blind multicenter study,

150 children aged 2–5 years with upper respiratory tract infection, nocturnal and daytime cough and illness duration of ≤ 7 days were participated.		 Patients were treated with PRH cough syrup (20 mL/day) or carbocysteine based syrup (control, 25 mg/kg/day) in three divided doses for 3 consecutive days. PRH cough syrup showed more rapid and greater improvement in all clinical cough symptoms measured compared to carbocysteine based syrup. [19]
KalobaTUSS ® pediatric cough syrup

(Acacia honey,

I. helenium, M. sylvestris, H. stoechas, and P. major)		 Randomized double-blind, placebo-controlled trial,

106 children with persistent cough are recruited in the study.		 Patients were treated with cough syrup or placebo 4 doses daily, 5 mL each for 8 days. Cough syrup significantly reduces the severity and duration of cough as compared to placebo. [20]
Herbal triplet

(V. officinalis,

H. perforatum and

P. incarnata)		 Multicenter, prospective, observational study,

115 children aged 6–12 years with history of nervousness and agitation (including agitated depression) due to affective disorders were selected for the study.		 Dry extract of herbal triplet administered in tablet form via oral route, containing V. officinalis (28 mg/tablet), H. perforatum (60 mg/tablet) and P. incarnate (32 mg/tablet).

Patients were accessed at baseline, after 2 weeks of treatment and then after 4 weeks of treatment.		 Herbal triplet showed a distinct improvement in children with attention problems, social withdrawal, and mood troubles (anxiety and depression). [21]
P. incarnata Double-blind randomized clinical trial,

34 children with ADHD were recruited in an 8-week clinical trial.		 Children were treated with P. incarnata (0.04 mg/kg/day) or methylphenidate (control, 1 mg/kg/day) tablets, two times a day.

The patients were examined at baseline and14, 28, 42, and 56 days after the start of treatment.		 Both groups were clinically effective in the improvement of ADHD.

However, P. incarnata was inferior to methylphenidate in decreasing anxiety and nervousness.		 [22]
Aromatherapy essential oils (M. spicata,

M. piperita, Z. officinale, and L. angustifolia)		 Pilot randomized controlled trial,

39 patients with age range of 4–16 years with postoperative nausea and vomiting were selected for the trial.		 Children were treated with a single placebo or aromatherapy. Non-significant improvement of postoperative nausea and vomiting with aromatherapy.

Though the preparation has been recommended for large-scale randomized clinical trials.		 [23]
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), test of variables of attention (TOVA), visual analogue scale (VAS).

3. Safety Aspects of Childhood Supplementation

When compared to drugs, the current studies available on the safety of botanical extracts in childhood supplementation are limited, however, their use is more frequent for the treatment of minor ailments due to their perceived efficacy, safety, and often low cost. On the other hand, children are more prone to certain risks with dietary supplementation such as incorrect dosing, side effects, drug–supplement interactions, and allergic reactions [24][25]. The quality of supplements and lack of standardization are obstacles in making recommendations for the use of botanical extracts and bioactive food components for the prevention or management of symptoms of mild ailments in children and adolescents. Mislabeling, misidentification, adulteration with other herbs or pharmaceuticals, and contamination with heavy metals, herbicides, and pesticides could lead to serious adverse events in pediatrics [26]. A recent study conducted by Saper and colleagues showed that about 20% of herbal products were contaminated with heavy metals including lead, mercury, and arsenic, where 50% of those products were marketed for use in childhood supplementation [27].
There is always a risk of drug–supplement interactions, as parents do not report the use of supplements to the primary healthcare professional of their children. A survey report showed that only 45% of parents report the use of botanical supplements to the primary healthcare provider of children [24]. For instance, M. chamomilla is a potential vehicle of Clostridium botulinum spores and thus ingestion of chamomile tea could be a possible risk for infant botulism [28]. A 13-old boy was diagnosed with hepatic failure, where liver biopsy showed more than 90% necrosis of hepatocytes, and the most likely cause identified was Euphytose (a formulation mixture of V. officinalis, Crataegus oxyacantha, Ballota nigra, P. incarnata, and Cola nitida) [29]. 

34. Conclusions

The supplementation of herbal products or bioactive components reported above in children is relatively safe, based on both their traditional use and the clinical trials, with no serious adverse event being reported. However, studies highlighting the safety issues of childhood supplementation are limited and above all, there are no studies specifically aimed at assessing safety in children. Thus, time is needed to expand the literature data covering both the efficacy and the safety of childhood supplementation with botanical extracts and bioactive food components, especially regarding the dosage, the adequate method of intake to avoid interaction with drugs, and other foods or food components.
Though no specific recommendation can be made at this point towards the use of childhood supplements, the use of botanical extracts and bioactive components alone or in combination with conventional therapies might be considered on an individual basis to manage various ailments.

References

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