While conventional dental implants focus on mechanical properties, recent advances in functional carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) accelerated the facilitation of functionalities including osteoinduction, osteoconduction, and osseointegration. The surface functionalization with CNMs in dental implants has emerged as a novel strategy for reinforcement and as a bioactive cue due to their potential for mechanical reinforcing, osseointegration, and antimicrobial properties. Numerous developments in the fabrication and biological studies of CNMs have provided various opportunities to expand their application to dental regeneration and restoration. In this review, we discuss the advances in novel dental implants with CNMs in terms of tissue engineering, including material combination, coating strategies, and biofunctionalities. We present a brief overview of recent findings and progression in the research to show the promising aspect of CNMs for dental implant application. In conclusion, it is shown that further development of surface functionalization with CNMs may provide innovative results with clinical potential for improved osseointegration after implantation.
Classification of CNM | Conjugation/Combination/Modification Material | Physicochemical Advances | Osteogenic/Antimicrobial Activities | Biological Evaluation (Species) | Reference | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Graphene | Zinc oxide nanocomposite coating on the acrylic tooth | - | Antimicrobial and nontoxicity on human cell | In vitro (S. mutans, HEK-293 cell) | [32] | |
G nanoplatelet coating | - | Antimicrobial effect | In vitro (S. aureus) | [61] | [77] | |
G-doped PMMA | - | Increased bone formation indexes (NBF, BMI, LBD, BIC, BAIT, and BAOT) | In vivo (rabbit) | [62] | [78] | |
Composite with Y-Zr ceramics | Increased density, Vickers hardness, bending strength, fracture toughness, and wettability |
- | - | [63] | [79] | |
Graphene oxide | GO/3Y–ZrO2 composite | Reduced friction coefficient, wear rate, surface roughness. Increased wetting property. | Increased cell adhesion, proliferation, and ALP activity. | In vitro (MC3T3-E1 cell) | [64] | [80] |
NT/GO-PEG-PEI/siRNA | - | Enhanced cell adhesion, proliferation, uptake/knockdown efficiency, osteogenic gene expression, ALP activity, collagen secretion, ECM mineralization, and in vivo osseointegration | In vitro (MC3T3-E1 cell) and in vivo (mouse) | [65] | [81] | |
MH-loaded GO film on Ti | - | Prevention and therapeutic effect on peri-implantitis | In vivo (Beagle dog) | [66] | [82] | |
Nano GO-coated Ti/SLA surface | Rough and irregular surface, wettability, protein adsorption | Enhanced cell proliferation, cell area, focal adhesion formation, mineralization, and osteogenic gene expression via the FAK/MAPK signaling pathway | In vitro (rBMSC) and in vivo (SD rat) | [67] | [83] | |
MMP-2/SP-loaded GO/Ti | Enhanced roughness and wettability | MMP-2/SP delivery facilitated new bone formation | In vivo (mouse) | [68] | [84] | |
GO/PEEK | Surface roughness and wettability | Antibacterial ability, enhanced cell viability, proliferation, ALP activity, mineralization nodule formation, osteogenic gene expression | In vitro (MG-63 cell, E. coli and S. aureus) | [69] | [85] | |
Reduced graphene oxide | DCP-rGO composites | Controllable hybridization ratio | Cell proliferation, ALP activity, and mineralization | In vitro (MC3T3-E1 cell) | [70] | [86] |
Dex/GO-Ti and Dex/rGO-Ti | Dex-loading capacity | Cell proliferation, osteogenic gene expression, and mineralization | In vitro (rBMSC) | [71] | [87] | |
Dex/rGO-coated Ti13Nb13Zr | Enhanced wettability and fatigue property | Enhanced cell viability, mineralization, and osteogenic gene upregulation | In vitro (MC3T3-E1 cell) | [72] | [88] | |
rGO/FHAp composites | Enhanced mechanical strength (GPa, MPa), ion dissolution time | Enhanced cell proliferation, ALP activity, and anti-adhesion/proliferation on bacteria | In vitro (MC3T3-E1 cell and S. mutans) | [73] | [89] | |
rGO-coated Ti6Al4V alloy | - | Enhanced cell viability, adhesion, proliferation, mineralization nodule formation, ALP activity, and osteogenic gene expression | In vitro (MC3T3-E1 cell) | [74] | [90] | |
Carbon nanodot | Nitrogen-doped CND/HA composite | Enhanced cell proliferation, ALP activity, mineralization nodule formation, and osteogenic gene expression. Bone regeneration in zebrafish jawbone model |
In vitro (MC3T3-E1 cell) and in vivo (zebreafish) | [75] | [91] | |
CND/chitosan/HAp composite | Photothermal effect | Cell adhesion and osteogenesis, no lobulated neutrophils, osteocyte proliferation, tumor cell killing effects, and antibacterial effects | In vitro (rat BMSC, S. aureus and E. coli) and in vivo (mouse) | [76] | [92] | |
Carbon nanotube | MWCNT-reinforced HAp coated Ti6Al4V implant | Cost-effective and rapid coating via electrophoresis. No microcracking, increased bond strength, and peeling resistance. |
[77] | [93] | ||
MWCNT-reinforced HAp/316L SS implant | High corrosion protection and corrosion current density | Antibacterial effects and nanoflake morphology for enhancing bioactive potential |
In vitro (B. subtilis, S. aureus, S. flexneri and E. coli) | [78] | [94] | |
Cu-HAp/MWCNT composite coating on 316L SS implant | High corrosion resistance | Antibacterial effect, maintained cell viability, hemolytic activity | In vitro (human osteoblast, human RBC, B. subtilis, E. coli, S. aureus, and S.mutans) | [79] | [95] | |
Nano HAp/MWCNT coated stainless steel | Increased surface roughness | No damage on the cellular membrane and enhanced expression of osteogenic markers. | In vitro (MG-63 cell) | [80] | [96] | |
Nanodiamond | ND/amorphous carbon composite | - | Enhanced fibronectin expression, attachment, proliferation, differentiation, calcium deposition, and ALP activity. | In vitro (EPC) | [81] | [97] |
Icariin-functionalized ND composite | - | Icariin delivery, enhanced cell viability, particle uptake, ALP activity, calcium deposition, and osteogenic marker upregulation. | In vitro (MC3T3-E1 cell) | [82] | [98] | |
Mg-nanodiamond composite | pH buffering, corrosion resistance, chemical passivation | Moderate cell viability | In vitro (L-929 cell) | [83] | [99] |